Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobias

Limitations Of CBT For Social PhobiasSocial phobic disorder, overly cognize as Social fretfulness Disorder (SAD) is considered as virtuoso of the nigh special K psychological swages on its own, and in addition as a comorbid incommode (Kessler, McGonagle, Zhao, et al., 1994). Current explore literature suggest Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) as the fore roughly preaching choice for societal phobic neurosis, un slight in the solecism where the lymph gland opt for music or if the lymph node is suffering from comorbid effect or a nonher psychological disorder that makes medication essential (Veale, 2003 Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006 NICE guideline, 2004c).The aim of this musical composition will be to discuss the occupation of CBT in the intervention of Social Phobia. However, it is important to emphasise that it will not attempt a detailed discussion on the historical development, or speculative frame realizes of CBT. These aspects of therapy will be emphasised, discussed and analysed where necessary, to comprehend its practicableity in the manipulation of friendly phobic disorder. Furthermore, the s sleep together of this paper will be limited to examining the consumption of CBT for sermon of adults with loving phobic neurosis gain ground, it will not focus on interposition of tender phobia in children and adolescent groups.CBT was initi each(prenominal)y developed by Aaron T. Beck as a structured, short-term, establish-oriented psych otherwiseapeutics for depression, directed toward solving current tasks and modifying dys operational thinking and behaviours (Beck, 1995). The basic assumptions of cognitive model suggest that distorted or dysfunctional thinking that influence the patient/clients mood and behaviour is common to all psychological disturbances (Beck, 1995). CBT is a collection of therapies that argon designed to process clients suffering from phobias, depression, obsessions compulsions, judge disorders, dru g addictions and/or spirit disorders. CBT attempts to help heap identify the internet sites that whitethorn produce their physiological or emotional symptoms and expurgate the manner in which they cope with these situations (Smith, Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus. 2003).The strength of CBT has been astray tested since the scratch line chew over on interposition success in 1977 (Beck, 1995). Westbrook, Kennerley and Kirk (2007) utter that CBT has some a(prenominal) features common to other therapies. However, they acknowledged that CBT is diametric from the other psychotherapies with nigh distinguishing characteristics. This alterative approach is a conclave of Behaviour Therapy (BT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). However, these will not discuss in detail. However, as a terminus of having been evolved from a combination of both BT and CT, modern CBT consist important elements of them both. Westbrook, et al. (2007) beats the CBT model of viewing business developme nt.For instance, individuals develop cognitions (thoughts beliefs) through life experiences ( intimatelyly based on childhood experiences, but sometimes with later experiences). These rear end be functional (ones that allow make sense of the world around and deal with life issues), as surface as dysfunctional beliefs. Most of the time, functional beliefs permit individuals to reasonably cope well with life situations. Whereas dysfunctional beliefs may not ca expenditure problems unless/until encountered with an impression or a series of hithertots (also known as critical incident) that violates the force beliefs or the assumptions, to the extent of macrocosm unable to handle ones confirmative/functional beliefs. This situation may activate the forbid/dysfunctional thoughts over the positive thoughts resulting or provoking unpleasant emotional status such as fretting or depression. Thus, Westbrook et al. (2007) highlighted the interactions amongst negative thoughts, emot ions, somatic reactions, and behaviours as responses to distinguishable life events. These dysfunctional patterns lock the individual into vicious cycles or feedback loops resulting in the lengthening of the problem.Focussing on the effectiveness of CBT as a therapy, the UK national Institute for Clinical morality (NICE) guideline recommends CBT for several major psychological health problems including depression (NICE, 2004a), generalise worry and scourge (NICE, 2004c), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (NICE, 2005). Furthermore, Westbrook et al. (2007) highlighted the findings of Roth and Fonagy (2005) in their book What works for whom? a landmark summary of psychotherapy efficacy. This book presents march on the success of CBT as a therapy for most psychological disorders.However, though in that location is evidence bread and butter the roaringness of CBT for legion(predicate) psychological disorders, CBT has some limitations as well. Firstly, it is not suita ble for everyone. One should be committed and persistent in finding a solution to the problem and improving oneself with the guidance of the therapist (Grazebrook Garland, 2005).Secondly, it may not be cooperative in certain sees. Grazebrook Garland (2005) mentioned that there is increasing evidence of the successful remedy use of CBT in a wide variety of psychological conditions. However they commited that there is a great indigence for further enquiry to gather evidence on the therapeutic success of CBT in these different types of psychological disorders.Social PhobiaSocial Phobia is categorised as an Anxiety Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) of the American psychiatrical Association (2000). This disorder is characterised by persistent excessive solicitude and veneration of examination by others, oft accompanied by disquiet symptoms such as tremulousness, blushing, palpitations, and sweating (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The DSM-IV- TR (2000) presents the at a lower placementioned diagnostic criteria for kindly phobia (SAD).Marked and persistent charge of neighborly or achievement situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar plenty or to perceived scrutiny by others. This includes the fear of embarrassment or humiliationExposure to fe ared favorable or surgical procedure situations that almost invariably provoke anxiety. This may even take the invent of a disquietude attack. In the case of children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or shrinking from well-disposed situations with unfamiliar hatful.The person recognises that the fear is unreasonable and that it is excessive. However, this fear and knowledge may be absent in children.The feared complaisant situation or the doing is avoided or else it is endured with intense anxiety or distress.The scheme, anxious anticipation, or fear causes significant distress or impaired functioning.Fear or avoidance are n ot due to some other psychological, or physiological condition (e.g., a in-personity disorder such as paranoid personality disorder, a specific phobia, or due to the influence of amount use/abuse)Specify generalised, if the fears include most cordial situations (e.g., these may range from initiating or defying conversations, participating in small groups, dating, speaking to authority figures, or care parties hindering most parts of a personal societal life) consort to the criteria stated above, social phobia can be generalised or non-generalised, depending on the breadth of social and performance situations that are feared. While generalised social phobia hinders a vast range of social and performance situations, non-generalised social phobia may hider/restrict only performance of some social activities or engagements.According to health statistics from year 2002, social phobia affects 3% of the Canadian adult population (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). In ground forces 13. 3% of the population suffer from social phobia at some point in their life (Kessler et al., 1994). Statistics indicate a life time preponderance of about 8% to 12% making social phobia one of the most common anxiety disorders (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006 Kessler, et al., 1994). Apart from being a high prevalence disorder, social phobia is also known to pack a high comorbidity, specially substance abuse and/or alcohol dependency (Schad, A., Marquenie, L., Van Balkom, et al., 2008 Amies, Gelder, Shaw, 1983 Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, Liebowitz, Weissman, 1992).Kessler et al. (1994) stated that composition the lifetime prevalence of social phobia is as high as 13.3%, the prevalence propounded in a 30-day design is amid 3% 4.5%. In addition, other identical conditions, such as shyness, behavioural inhibition, self-consciousness, selective attention and embarrassment are seen to be correlated with social phobia (Beidel Morris, 1995 Beidel Randall, 1994 Leary Kowalski, 1995 Rosenbaum, Biederman, Pollock, Hirshfeld, 1994 Stemberger, Turner, Beidel, Calhoun, 1995). According to Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, et al. (1992), comorbidity of two or more psychological disorders, is also fairly common with social phobia. seek has also indicated that social phobia is also characterised with a higher absolute frequency of suicide attempts (Schneier et al., 1992).Foc apply on the furbish up of the disorder on the prime(a) of life, social phobia is described as an illness of missed opportunities, because its early on onset hinders future social progression such as married success and career growth (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The authors of this article stated that these individuals were less likely to be well educated, belong to lower socioeconomic status, and are possibly unmarried. In addition, they also suffer greater functional, health, and physical impairments than individuals without social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). Thus the disorder h as a significant impact on the quality of life, in particular, socially and emotionally. Emphasising on this point, the authors of this article highlighted that in a community health survey in Canada, people with social phobia were twice as likely to report at least(prenominal) one disability day in the past two weeks, compared to people without social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006).Aetiology of social phobia can be traced to Bio-Psycho-Social factors (Smith, Hoeksema, Fredrickson, et al., 2003). Looking at the neuro-biologic factors, query data up to date, provides evidence of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems (Stein, Tancer, Uhde, 19992 Tancer, Stein, Uhde, 1993 Yeragani, Blalon, Pohl, 1990). However, Stein, Tancer, Uhde (1995) stated that the evidence for these neuro-biological factors in the predisposition, precipitation, and perpetuation is far from clear. The authors also present the same shaming the effect of antidepressants on social phobia s tating that further work is warranted, although preliminary evidence indicates that antidepressants are not entirely effective on social phobia.From a cognitive-behavioural perspective, a person with social phobia develops a series of negative assumptions about themselves and their social world based on some negative experience (Kessler, et al., 1994). These assumptions of behaving inappropriately and being evaluated negatively and/or being humiliated will give rise to anticipatory anxiety that precedes the social situation adding an extra source of concern and perceived danger. absorbed with these fears, clients with social phobia have difficulty focussing their attention on the social cues or their own strengths that help them to effectively cope in the phobic situations. In addition, biased memory and focused attention towards negative signs will prevent the individual from perceiving the positive signs (e.g., acceptance, success, admiration) giving rise to performance deficienc ies. These may contribute towards producing patterns of negative interactions that may further contribute to the perpetuation of the phobic condition experienced at the time (Elting Hope, 1995). These explanations are convertible to the generic CBT model, of problem development. Thus the research by Kessler et al (1994) has provided supporting evidence to the general CBT explanation and theoretical framework of problem understanding, estimation and give-and-take.Another dimension of the aetiology of social phobia is the lack of social skills and/or the lack of awareness of ones own social skills. According to hummock (1989), clients with social phobia vary widely in their knowledge of socially appropriate behaviour skills. Many of these individuals seem to have adequate social skills when assessed in a non-threatening environment such as the clinicians office, but they break up to use these skills when laden with anxiety in an unfamiliar social situation that is perceived as t hreatening. mound (1989) further described that there is another group of individuals suffering with social phobia who may be unwitting of socially appropriate behaviours in certain situations and therefore encounter reiterate failures and disappointments. Thus, Hill (1989) suggest that apart from medication and/or conventional CBT, individuals in this group will gain more from specific training in social skills each through role playing or casting as appropriate.In addition to the above dimensions, there are developmental and psychodynamic issues associated with the aetiology of social phobia as well. In this view, children who are rejected, belittled, and censured by their parents, teachers or peers may develop feelings of low self-esteem and social lunacy (Arrindell, kwee, Methorst, 1989). The authors of this article further stated that clients with social phobia tend to report, having had overcritical parents. The article further examine the condition of social phobia f rom a psychodynamic perspective hypothesising that avoidant behaviour may be caused by an exaggerated bank for acceptance, an intolerance of criticism, or a willingness to constrict ones life to maintain a sense of control. Furthermore, they claim that traumatic embarrassing events may lead to expiry of self-confidence, subjoind anxiety, and subsequent poor performance, resulting in a vicious wad that progress to social phobia.Concentrating on discussion seeking behaviours for social phobia, Hill (1989) highlighted that clients rarely see a physician for symptoms relating to social anxiety. More often seeking help will be for conditions such as substance abuse, depression or any other anxiety disorder (e.g. panic attack).Treatment for Social PhobiaAs mentioned above, social phobia is the result of biopsychosocial factors. Thus, the interference choices may also vary which may include pharmacotherapy, and/or different types of psychotherapy. Veale (2003) stated that treatment c hoice for social phobia is up to the client to decide. Medication is indicated if it is the clients first choice, or if CBT has failed or if there is a long waiting list for CBT. Similarly, pharmacotherapy becomes the choice of treatment when social phobia is comorbid with depression (Veale, 2003). Considering the first treatment choice, UK National Institute for Clinical truth (NICE) does not have a specific guideline specific for social phobia. However, in its guidelines for anxiety disorders (NICE, 2004), it recommends pharmacotherapy as treatment if the client opts for medication, or if the client opts for psychological treatment, CBT is given as the first choice of therapy. NICE guidelines (2004) as well as recommend CBT as the first choice of psychological therapy for generalised anxiety disorder and other anxiety disorders. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence provides evidence that CBT is more effective than no intervention and that CBT has been found to maintain its effectiveness when examined after long term follow up of eight to fourteen years. This can be used as a monetary value and time effective therapeutic intervention in group settings and most clients have maintained treatment gains at longer terms (NICE 2004). It further stated that CBT is more effective than psychodynamic therapy and non-specific treatments. Apart from CBT, clients who receive anxiety focussing training, relaxation and breathing therapy have been proven to be effective compared to having no intervention.Apart from CBT, Veale (2003) also discusses Graded self-exposure as a psychological therapy for social phobia. This therapeutic intervention which is based on the learning theory hypotheses has been the treatment of choice for social phobia for umteen years. However, as this method of therapy using exposure to previously avoided situations in a graded manner until addiction occurs was only successful with limited amount of clients, alternative approaches such as CBT have become a more frequent therapy choice.NICE guidelines (2006) on computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT) for depression and anxiety recommend CCBT for flaccid depressions and anxiety disorders, including social phobia. With reference to two Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and two non-RCTs comparing CCBT (programme for panic/phobic disorders FearFighter) with therapist led CBT (TCBT) the NICE guidelines recommend the use of CCBT for mild phobic/panic disorders. When results of CCBT and TCBT were compared after a three month period of therapy for global phobia, both groups showed statistically significant gain. Similar results were shown in two non-RCT studies excessively. When these scores were compared with a group who genuine relaxation techniques as therapy, this thirdly group did not show statistically significant improvement while the other two groups (CCBT TCBT) did. However, it must be noted that the RCT and the non-RCT studies does not report cl inically significant improvement. Nevertherless, the dropout rate of FearFighter group was twice as many as the TCBT dropout rate. However, from a positive point of view on the practicality of CCBT on phobias, delivery of FearFighter programme at the clinical setting for one group, and the other group having access to the programme at home over a 12 week period showed that both groups showed statistically significant improvement in all measures (NICE guidelines, 2006). In terms of client satisfaction too there was no statistically significant difference between TCBT and CCBT (NICE guidelines, 2006). Thus, though further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of CCBT for social phobia specifically, the NICE guidelines recommend CCBT as a choice of therapy for mild levels of depression and anxiety disorders. In addition to the observed effectiveness of CCBT, NICE guidelines also recommend it as a cost effective therapy alternative. Thus, CCBT for social phobia at mild levels could be useful at a practical level too.In a paper by Rosser, Erskine Crino (2004), the researchers studied the treatment success of CBT with antidepressants and CBT on its own as treatment for social phobia. The results did not show a statistically significant difference in the treatment progress between the two groups allowing the researchers to conclude that pre-existing use of antidepressants did not enhance or detract from the positive treatment outcome of a structured, group-based CBT programme for social phobia. Application of medication and CBT is common practice in treatment for social phobia (Rosser et al., 2004). Yet, there are not many studies that have studied the unite effectiveness for social phobia. Citing Heimberg (2002) Rosser et al., (2004) describe that there are three possible outcomes from cartel medication and CBT. Combined treatment may produce a better outcome than each treatment completely, by potentiating the gains achieved by CBT and also reducing relapse rates following the discontinuation of medication. Alternatively, there may be no difference between the combined approach and each approach individually, if both therapies (pharmacotherapy and CBT) are sufficiently compelling on their own. Also, depending on how individual clients attribute treatment success, effectiveness of CBT might be detracted by medication in a combined approach of treatment. Referring to literature on treatment success for social phobia Rosser et al., (2004) highlighted that combination treatment (CBT and pharmacotherapy) or pharmacotherapy alone has not been found to be of significant advantage. CBT has mostly been successful in overcoming symptoms, minimising relapses and also effective in terms of cost minimisation (Rosser et al., 2004). Focussing on the conclusions Rosser et al. (2004), there were no significant differences between the combination treatment (CBT antidepressants) and CBT alone could be construe in different ways. It i s possible that since antidepressants and CBT are both reasonably powerful treatments individually, and thus a combination of the two did not contribute to a significantly to improve the outcome. Alternatively it may be that the group who were already taking antidepressants may have been prescribed with the medication because they were more wicked in terms of social phobic or depressive symptoms prior to commencing treatment programme. Thus, it may be possible to argue that the combined therapy may not have contributed to a significant improvement compared to the group that that only received CBT, because there was a difference in symptom severity between the two groups. In addition there was no control in allocating (randomly) participants and or having a control over the medication dosage. Thus, the research findings of the study are subjected to the limitations of these variables that were out of the researchers control. However, it has to be noted that it does not devalue the proportional treatment success on the CBT (alone) group. The researchers of this study therefore emphasise the need for further research on combined therapy for social phobia as in real life clinical settings most clients are on medication while receiving CBT.Moreover, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) recommends CBT combined with medication as a widely used successful treatment method for social phobia. However, while recommending the above, they also emphasise the need for further research in this regard as the current data reveals mixed results. According to available evidence and theoretical considerations they suggested that some methods of combination could provide short-term benefits, but long-term decreases in efficacy compared to either treatment alone. In this paper Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) emphasised that most research on the effects of CBT combined with medication had the common research gap of failing to control the medication dose and the allocation of participants in to ra ndom samples. However, the authors of this paper emphasised that in most studies combined therapy for social phobia had not shown significant evidence of treatment success compared to either pharmacotherapy or CBT.Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) highlighted that there is supporting evidence to the treatment success of trust CBT with relaxation training. While mentioning this, they also noted that relaxation training alone has not proven to have any clinically significant benefit for the clients. Thus, it is when combined with CBT that clients have had a successful experience with relaxation training. Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) stated that all forms of CBT aim to reduce the experience of fear through modification of avoidance and other maladaptive behaviours, thoughts, and beliefs (e.g. through exposure with cognitive restructuring). Thus, in the process of therapy most clients may experience an increase in stress and negative affect and distress in the short-term, but the modification of these earlier components of these earlier components of a behavioural-emotional chain leads to reduction of symptoms over time.In regard to combining treatment methods with CBT as treatment for social phobia, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) highlighted the fact that all treatment methods have its own limitations and strengths. Thus when combining two therapies (either pharmacological and CBT or CBT with another psychotherapy), the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the two approaches could be magnified, depending on the nature of the combination. Hence, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) stated that an empirically supported method of combining medication and CBT for social anxiety disorder is yet to be established, although under varied circumstances clinicians use different combinations of CBT along with other psychotherapies and medication to maximise effectiveness on a case by case level.Concluding RemarksAs discussed in this paper, social phobia may literally be a common mental disord er and it is categorised as an anxiety disorder under the DSM-IV classification system (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). While being highly prevalent, it is also a disorder that may have a large impact on a persons quality of life, hindering opportunities for personal growth and/or social interaction/relationships. Therefore, it is an important area of study and clinical practice in mental health, which has the aim of improving the lives of people suffering from this disorder, and minimising its effect on the society.Research literature on social phobia recommends certain types of medication, and CBT as a psychotherapeutic intervention as the first choice of treatment for this debilitating condition. As it is out of our scope, this paper did not pay detailed attention to the types of pharmacotheraputic interventions that may successfully be used to control symptoms of this disorder and enable clients live a sanguine life.From a psychological perspective, CBT is widely recommended through evidence based research as the first choice of psychotherapeutic treatment for social phobia. As discussed in this paper, evidence on the successful combinations of therapeutic methods at present denotes the need for further research in order to determine the best(p) combinations for successful treatment. Another area that needs similar attention is combining different types of psychotherapies with CBT as treatment for social phobia.Focusing on CBT for social phobia, although there is supporting evidence for therapy success, and though it is widely considered as the first choice of psychotherapy for this disorder, it is not always successful with all individuals. Thus, form a practical point of view, it is important that clinicians are able to tailor and combine different therapeutic methods (pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy), not only to maximise treatment success, but also to make it useful with different types of clients/clients from different priming and life-experiences. Furthermor e, although CBT is recommended as the first therapy choice, there are practical issues regarding meeting the admit for services. This becomes an issue in terms of finance as well as in terms of the limited amount of professionals available to deliver treatment. few successful methods of overcoming these difficulties would be Group CBT for social phobia and CCBT.However, it must be emphasised that these issues become a much grave problem in countries where psychotherapists trained in CBT are rare, and even methods such as CCBT could be unaffordable and inaccessible for certain groups. In addition, there are also limitations in being able to use programmes such as CCBT in countries where face is not used, or it not the first language. Thus, from a global perspective, the use of CBT as a therapy choice is practically challenged due to limitations of resources and trained personals, raise pharmacotherapy as the most practical mode of therapy for a large numbers game of people suffe ring from social phobia.To conclude, it must be stated that move research on the successful use of CBT as a therapeutic tool for social phobia and other disorders should be go on as it proves to be a successful therapy for many psychological disorders (Westbrook et al., 2007). Thus, it can be stated that CBT is a useful and successful therapeutic intervention for social phobia. The practical use of it could be further improved through continued research, and through therapist training programmes to meet the demands for therapy, as it would further increase the effectiveness of CBT as a therapy for social phobia.

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace | Literature Review

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace literary works ReviewIn straight offs much and more globalized gentleman, the phrase sort in the workplace tends to pop up e trulywhere. The main reason being that modern expert advances in transportation fool shrunk the globe to such an extent that it is no spacioussighteder a problem to move to whatever part of the mankind be it for entertainment, studies and especi all(prenominal)y work. This penning explicitly focuses on literature that relates to heathen multifariousness in an organization and its implications on employee consummation and the performance of a corporation as a whole. It get out(p) excessively take a look at ethnic diversity from either side of the mirror, that is, the positivist as hale as the negative aspects and how to manage such an employee base. ravish as wellspring note that, while there has been somewhat debate on whether accelerate and culture should be thought as the same affaire, this pa per regards them as inter-uscapable so as to neutralise confusion.So what exactly is heathenish diversity? It has been described as the com persuasion of work building blocks (work group, organization, occupation, establishment or satisfying) in terms of the cultural or demographic characteristics that ar prominent and symbolically signifi substructureceful in the relationships among group members (DiTomaso, Post, Parks-Yancy, 2007) .The age has g star by when you expect an employee from a verso cultural background to just get going in and start producing government issues (Amaram, 2007). Organizations have realized that a multi-cultural work force dejection prove to be a great asset especially if the descent is to be expanded to multinational merchandises. So the focus has somewhat shifted to get along with up with strategies to handle such an employee base and how to sustain that program.In his estimation of the value of a multi-cultural workforce, (Konrad, 2003 ) invokes 3 reasons why companies atomic pattern 18 changing their attitudes and strategies regarding enlisting of employees with different backgrounds. Firstly, the best endowment is not always local you neediness to look globally to recruit the best reasons in the military control. Secondly, he dialog ab expose market dole out, that is, a culturally diverse workforce preserve better cater to an increasely diverse guest base, consequently change magnitude market shargon. The insight that a local can provide into the respectable treatment of the local market and also of the mindset of the local consumer is invaluable. lastly, he states that to each sensation culturally different individual brings with him some thing different to the table, and when you combine all these different attri potentlyes, it results in pull out the organization more combative. In a non-business link up line of descent, (Jayne Dipboye, 2004) draw out that increase workforce diver sity is the ethically right on thing to do and also that it is a better way to address race and gender starts. This argument whitethorn seem insignificant considering that the live emulous environment means companies c atomic number 18 more about capital than the right thing to do. b arely (Amaram, 2007) brings up a in truth interesting argument about why corporations ar moving to diversity programs. In do- salutarylyer to ethical and social responsibilities, he says that these programs have become necessary to avoid legal problems craply due to civil rights laws. Furthermore he states that to have competitive advantage corporations have been forced to bring forward impertinent strategies to bring out the best from a diverse workgroup and avoid conflicts. all the same at the Govt. level it has been realized that effectively managing cultural diversity is racy to economic succeeder. One example is the Australia Govt. policy, where diversity way is governed by a state p olicy namely, Productive Diversity. The aim of this policy is to exculpate full use of the experiences and skills of people raised overseas, therefore gaining price unretentive Intel on international markets. (Leveson, Joiner, Bakalis, 2009)However what has been discussed above is based on theories and rhetoric. Is there any immobile evidence that cultural diversity run aways to a prosperous organization? The dish up is a big whitethornbe. Countless explore and studies have looked at this issue from many different angles, each with their testify differing conclusions. After reviewing various researches on this issue Jayne Dipboye (2004) came up with four conclusions regarding the relationship amidst cultural diversity and organisational performance.Increased diversity does not necessarily remedy the talent poolIncreased diversity does not necessarily shew commitment, improve motivation, and reduce conflictIncreased group-level diversity does not necessarily lead to highe r group performance.Diversity does not necessarily improve organisational performanceA study (Choi Rainey, 2009) suggests that it all comes down to the type of diversity i-e race, gender, religion and so forthtera The findings were consistent with previous research (Milliken and Martins, 1996 Williams and OReilly, 1998) that suggest that racial diversity is inversely pro fractional to organizational performance due to less cohesion within the group and more conflict. It should be noted hitherto that this study was specifically based on US federal agencies so it cannot be considered to represent the global business environment trend or even the national business environment of the US as a whole.Various different studies on the subject matter provide some very interesting results. McMahon (2010) in her article surveys the more recent studies on diversity. Here I would like to talk about two of them. First, (Richard, 2000) carried out a research on the US banking industry. He chos e 63 banks from 3 states based on 3 different factors California (high racial diversity), Kentucky (low racial diversity) and North Carolina (financial wealth). The study showed that there was no direct relationship among diversity and performance instead it depended more on the wets business strategies. When the scheme was more focused on offset there was a absolute relation between diversity and performance unless the result was inverse when the dodge shifted towards downsizing.Again, the above study, even though regarded as valuable information, sole(prenominal) embarrassd the US banking industry so it cannot be said to identify the complete picture, (Richard, Murthi, Ismail, 2007) therefore fullned the scope to other industries and studied the relationship between racial diversity and intermediate as well as long term firm performance and the role that environmental condition plays in this. The results showed that at high as well as low levels of racial diversity, th ere was a curvilinear positive relation between racial diversity and intermediate firm performance. The result also showed a positive correlation between racial diversity and long term firm performance. But these results were dependent on the type of industry and environmental stability, meaning that the U-shaped relationship between racial diversity and firm performance would be weaker in unstable environments compared to a stable one.Till instantly I have reviewed how cultural diversity affects businesses and also related to the theoretical assumptions to true studies done on this very important issue. In the next portion I go forth try to review literature that primarily focuses on the best utilises for managing diversity.Effective management of diversity is based on experience of commonalities and awareness of differences (McMahon, 2010). Managing cultural diversity involves identifying the best practices. A best practice is a technique, method, process, activity, incentiv e, or reward that is be double-dealingved to be more effective at delivering a crabby outcome than any other technique, method, process, etc. when utilise to a particular condition or circumstance (Wikipedia, 2010). So what are these best practices that I referred to? Amaram (2007) gives a few suggestions about them. He gives particular importance to diversity training programs, giving managers diversity related goals and make sure they are met and finally, giving respect to people of all races, that is, making room for religious holidays, diet preferences etc., because sometimes its the little things that matter the more or less.Jayne Dipboye (2004) suggest conducting a thorough needs assessment so that the diversity initiatives are tailored to the situation. Another suggestion is to develop a schema charge in mind the environmental context of the organization thereby utter the results of the research carried out by Richard, Murthi and Ismail (2007). One more point that th ey affected in their paper was the need for inventing a system to evaluate the personal effects of diversity management strategies developed by organizations so that impudently and change strategies can evolve by diddleing the mistakes from previous ones.CONCLUSIONThe increasingly diverse workplace is consistently posing bare-asseder challenges for an organization. Therefore there is a need for organizations to realize the importance of devising diversity management strategies. These strategies take aim thorough planning and looking at all aspects as well as the resulting consequences that will arise from a particular strategy because a good strategy can do wonders for an organization. At the same time these strategies could backfire if there is a lack of planning or research before implementation. After reviewing the above mentioned literature, one can see that cultural diversity is a complex phenomenon. Its role in improving organizational performance depends on various fact ors, for example, the environmental context, the type of industry, organizational strategies, etc. Furthermore cultural diversity alone does not guarantee immediate, touchable improvements in organizational, group, or individual performance. Nevertheless, achieving a culturally diverse workforce and effectively managing this workforce can yield huge benefits.Audi And Lamborghini depth psychologyAudi And Lamborghini AnalysisThe study aims at under jumping the high societys position in relations to its competitors, as well as working to identify a firms core competencies and other competitively distinct company resources. Also analyze the meshing the firm is generating from various product lines and customer accounts.Also a study of competitive strategy to analyze the industry context in which the firm ope order. These include ostiariuss quintuplet forces, drudgery analysis, analysis of strategic groups of competitors and others. Depending on the industry, the regulatory context is also examined in detail.In Competitor analysis, profiles of each competitor in the market, focusing especially on their relative competitive strengths and weaknesses using SWOT analysis is done using the benchmarking which also includes examining competitors Product differentiation, Present sales, forthcoming Sales, Marketing and Promotion Strategies, Technologies and other key factors.IntroductionAudi AG is a German manufacturer of railroad cars marketed under the Audi brand. The company name is based on the surname of the founder August Horch, the name itself an position cognate with the English word hark, meaning listen which, when translated into Latin, becomes Audi.(Wiki 2010)The Audi Group with the two brands Audi and Lamborghini is one of the worlds most lucky car manufacturers in the aid segment.Sporty, sophisticated and progressive the reward fomites from the Audi brandCustomers are delighted by Audis technological innovations, pioneering, and externalise a nd build quality. The companys main aim is to satisfy the customer by providing world category technology, designs, safeguard and comfort.Sales of Audi vehicles by region2009Share in shareGermany228,84424.1%Europe without Germany390,01041.1% china (incl. Hong Kong)158,94116.7%USA82,7168.7%Other89,2189.4%Summary949,729100.0%Audi AG todayVolkswagen AG is the largest shareholder of Audi AG which holds over 99 percent of the share capital. (Viknesh 2006)Audis saw a dramatic growth since 2000s, by delivering 653000 to 1003000 in 2008. The gross revenue increase came globally specially 19.3% from Eastern Europe, 17.2% from Africa, 58.5% from Middle East with China coming into action in 2009 with a numerous increase to 108000 vehicles.Audi batchAudi is a manufacturer of exquisite cars beautiful, sophisticated machines that embody technological perfection. Our success is built on our core values of creativity, commitment and enthusiasm, and affirming our customers desires at the hear t of everything we do. We strive to lead the way through constant innovation, scope bare-ass standards that define Vorsprung durch Technik.(Anon, 2008)Mission To delight customers worldwideThis is companys core strategy for the year 2020 and therefore mission statementWe delight customers worldwide.Audi defines the delight in terms of not only its customers innovativeness but also its emotional products which countermand out to be highly high-octane models providing an unmistakable experience that are particularly noted for the familiar attributes of sophistry and reliability.Investor Relations Corporate strategyAudi the number one premium brandKeeping in mind the early availability of the natural resources, Audi has kept in mind its future mission and vision of being a premium brand by actually reinforcing the emotional pull and continuing to delight the customers in long term. (Investor Relations 2010)Present Financials PerformanceAudi starts newborn Year with big results heftAudi acquires a new sales record of 360,760 deliveries in the January to April periodFirst-quarter operational profit up more than 30 percent to 478 millionAudi has do a successful start to the 2010 fiscal year. The Ingolstadt-based car maker sold 360,760 units in the graduation exercise four months of the year a new record for the Company making very good progress with full throttle. Audi also achieved a double digit growth in all of its sales regions all over the world in the first quarter of the year with unit sales up by 23.7% on comparative period put up year. (Quarterly Report, 2010)Future Plans for 2010After being interrupted by the global crisis in recent eld Audi is trying to get back to increase their deliveries by double along with the aim to increase to the operating profit more than that of the revenue and continuing to pursue its goal of becoming the most successful premium brand.In addition to the efforts made to achieve the long-term goals Audi has plan 12 launchings which are very interesting for the customers which includes a mix of performance, luxuriousness, environment friendly and hybridsSituation AnalysisMacro EnvironmentPESTEL framework for Audi policy-makingScrappage scheme for cars 10 years older (United Kingdom)A government funded uncoerced scheme in which the cars older than 10 years could be traded for a new vehicle and a discount of 2000 is given on the new vehicle purchased.Emissions target of 130gm/km carbonic acid gasAll car manufacturers are required to meet an average of CO2 emissions of 130gm/km by 2015 crosswise all their products as a standard.( Alan 2009)stintingalCost of oil plausibly to go up, which may in turn have an effect on consumer buying behaviour.UK still trying to come out of recess, July- September 09 Economic Report shows a fall of 0.4% in GDP. (BBC News)Lowest interest rates in years, 0.5% set by Bank of England, affects consumer savings since March 2009.(Bank of England) companionableEstim ated UK population of 70 million by 2029.Population shift to an increasing older generation.People have a more active lifestyle, related to improved life expectancy. engine roomConstantly Changing EnvironmentTurbo Technology This impressive technology marks a departure from the noisy, thirsty diesel motor engines of the past. The TDI diesel engine delivers ply, performance, low burn employment and reduced CO2 emissions. (Audi 2010)Recuperation While decelerating, the animation created is lost. Brake energy recuperation recycles this energy to lighten the load on your engine. It can reduce fuel consumption by up to 3% and CO2 emissions. (Audi 2010)Aerodynamics Aerodynamic performance plays a vital role in reducing fuel consumption. silklike for efficiency, the cars produce less air resistance, improved handling, better stability and demoralise CO2 emissions. (Audi 2010)S-tronic The revolutionary S-tronic transmission combines the agility and responsiveness of a manual acc ommodatebox with the convenience and smooth, uninterrupted authority of an automatic. Fewer revs per minute and shorter gear changes mean greater fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. (Audi 2010) sinewy Research and Development culture and facilities with high expenditure.Lack of natural resources hence moved to hybrid cars.Global shift to cut CO2 emissions, Kyoto system to work towards reduce green House gases.to a greater extent Greener lifestyle now. lawfulHealth and caoutchouc, Euro NCAP safety test on all cars.Road tax revenue bracketsInsurance GroupsMicro AnalysisSWOT AnalysisStrengthsDiverse ranges of Products Audi and Lamborghini huge Cash Flow PositionIncrease turnover and trading profitsSound Balance SheetLeading quality manufacturersBrand senseHuman resourcesAbilities to turn resources into advantagesAudi pressuriseed quality more than any other carmaker in the past five years, cutting defects by 60%Weaknesses scholarship of High PricesFrequency of the interest of the customer may deteriorate pollution A major issue for the environmentKnowledge of the purchaser with sophisticationAlternate products and technologyOpportunitiesNew products with better technologyGlobalisation origin AlliancesChange of customers preference to cheap and comfortable carsDiversificationNew horizons in TechnologiesThreatsOld and New oppositionFluctuations in Price of FuelNew rules and lawsResult of the oil crisisEconomic recessionMarket shift to globalisationExtremely high competition for customers and resourcesPorter Five Forces ModelPorter explains that there are five forces inherent in a market, which will jointly determine the intensity of competition and profitability of Audi and the automobile industry.The five forces analysis gives an improved understanding of the frequency of competition within the business area. The analysis shows that the industry is highly competitive, with buyers having a very powerful entrance to the broad number of alternate bra nds useable to them.Bargaining Power of Customers flavor at the current situation when UK is trying to get out of the recession and the economy is also becoming stable, the buying power of the individuals will also increase and thereof the consumers will also look upon the various alternatives available in the market along with good bargains. Therefore the buying power force is gradually getting gruelinger.Bargaining Power of SuppliersThis force is rugged for both Audi and the entire automobile industry which take a massive amount of supervene upon suppliers therefore use the aggressive pricing strategy. This results in a very strong competition in the industry. This is a result of very lesser head of differentiation in the product offered. Finally the threats from the suppliers power to bargain which is fairly very low in the automobile industry because of multiple sourcing strategies and use of alternative supply sources for the spares and parts.Degree of contenderThe degree of rivalry is the main point of concern for the company now as all the major competitors (BMW, Mercedes) are doing all their possible bits in terms of new product phylogeny, advanced technology, better services and providing wider choices etc. to bring customers under their umbrella.Threat of SubstitutesThere are a number of models of many brands like Mercedes Benz, Jaguar and BMW which can result in a little threat but they dont possess a great degree of threat as such because it depends on the relation of price-performance of the product. And an AUDI is a name for the people who love technology with luxuriousness. Also changing to a substitute is possible if the substitution cost is low and that is not a logical factor here. Therefore a frequency of threats from the substitutes is low.Threat of New EntrantsFor the new entrants, the customer loyalty is a very important factor to be considered because it is very difficult to convince the customers in this era even if you possess a better than the best peoples product. But also the entry of the one who manufactures cheap cars does pose a significant threat. So, the frequency of the threat from new entrants is on a very lower scale.Competitive AdvantageAudis competitive advantage is in their engineering of building their engines. They are able to induce maximum power out of the minimum resources along with great fuel efficiency.A V6 engine is available, but 9 out of 10 buyers learn the 211 horsepower turbocharged 2.0 liter 4-cylinder, and thats the A4s competitive advantage. The Audi is the only German luxury public house available with a 4-pot motor. While a smaller engine may not be a traditional selling point for a sports sedan, the A4 pulls off the inconceivable combination of being the most fuel economic and quickest entry-level model of the bunch.(Anon, 2009)BenchmarkingBenchmarking is the process of comparing ones business processes and performance rhythmic pattern to industry bests and/or best p ractices from other industries. Dimensions typically measured are quality, time, and cost. Improvements from learning mean doing things better, faster, and cheaper.Benchmarking involves management identifying the best firms in their industry, or any other industry where similar processes exist, and comparing the results and processes of those studied (the targets) to ones own results and processes to learn how well the targets perform and, more importantly, how they do it.Benchmarking allows organizations to develop plans on how to make improvements or adapt specific best practices, usually with the aim of increasing some aspect of performance. Benchmarking may be a one-off event, but is often treated as a continuous process in which organizations continually seek to improve their practices.(Anon 2008)Benchmarking CriteriaSales between Audi, Mercedes and BMW in U.S marketsBMW sold 109,043 vehicle in North the States may which was better than that of the previous but still lagged a 27% when compared to the last year.The sales decrease of a -18.3% gave them a fair chance to stand better in the stand by half of the year.Top Seller Position of Luxury VehiclesCompany may 2008 NumbersPercentageYear-To-DatePercentageBMW90,643-18.1%408,370-20.9%MINI18,348-19.1%79,260-22.6%Rolls-Royce51-53.6%276-27.6%BMW Group109,042-18.3%487,906-21.1%Mercedes-Benz86,300-12.1%383,000-22.3% burnished11,000-14.9%50,100-9.9%MB Cars97,300-12.4%433,100-21.1%Audi AG82,800-6.1%374,750-12.1%BMW as a brand was down by 18.1% in May by selling 90,643 vehicles which further decreased to 20.9% to 408,370 vehicles.In Germany, Mercedes-Benz change magnitude sales by 11% and sold 25,600 with furthermore sales boosts on models such as A-class, B-class and C-class which in turn helped Mercedes-Benz in gaining westerly European Market Share namely Spain, France and UK.Another sales boost of 59% was seen in China where Mercedes Benz grew fastest than to Brazil where it was 39% and Canada 17%.Whereas A udis sales were down by just 6.1% from the previous results and 12.1 from January to May 2008 which was 426,194.In Western Europe, the brand further reduced the gap to last years record result by giving just a -10.9% which was 52,650 vehicles in May. Also, they sold about 243,250 vehicles with a -14.6% which was 284,656 vehicles.Despite generally shrinking markets, Audi was able to sell more vehicles Europe namely Italy with a 7.1% increase, Belgium with a 7.3%, Switzerland with a 7.6% which resulted in the brands premium market share by 3.9%.Audi also increased their market share in US by 2% to draw 8.8% share in the High Import Group by poster a small decline of 12.1% to 7,503 vehicles.In the Asia-Pacific region, Audi achieved strong growth of 24.1% by selling 15,650 vehicles which further went up by 5.4% more.In China also sales in May rose by 27.8% in the uncoiled month which was earlier up by 6.8% resulting in Audi confirming its position in the global market in the Australi a and South Korea. (Global Sales 2009) increase strategyAudis Growth Strategy Outlined Auto ShowsIntensive hard work in key metropolitan areasStrong Dealer intercommunicate Increasing the number of successful dealers who can sell 2000 cars annually. With a strong dealer network, a capable organization, and with excellent products in the future, AUDI will grow. It has pushful plans in terms of the product portfolio, and further more interesting launchings.(Stadler 2010) extra Capacity Plant Decision in view of US marketsBMW- stick a manufacturing ground in USMercedes- Have a manufacturing dress in USAudi- planning to set up a plant in states but keeping everything in mind, the hedging effect in taking the engine and its parts from Europe to America and on the contrary taking a large number of manufactured parts from America to Europe and then paying a 10% tariff is of no use.So, AUDI has to think strategically on this issue, not that it is taking its hands out but has to cons ider a lot many factor than one can image before setting up a plant in America, no wonder American has a large suppuration market and huge potential.BasisBMWAUDIMERCEDESGrowth StrategyIdentifying potential growth.Recognising where our strengths lieMake the best use of every opportunity.Following a hand strategyIntensive hard work in key metropolitan areasStrong Dealer networkCapable organization,Excellent products in the future,More product portfolio and launchingspremium price to our competitorsTo offer customers the best valueTo keep the incentives to a minimum,To reduce incentives further by focusing on charismatic vehicles and customer serviceAnalysis of Growth StrategiesBMW is following a very straight growth strategy where they work in the direction where they have faith in themselves to do it best, they do the best of whatever they start, hold all the resources possible which is their strengths without leaving their roots.Audi follows a growth strategy by increasing their product portfolios, management capabilities, ambitious plans and distribution network so that they can cater to the larger markets as well as groups by increasing their dealer networks.Mercedes has all the more different perspective on their growth strategy where they aim at being the most premium and luxurious brands out of the three and aim to sell cars at their own premium prices and focus on the consumer by providing incentives in the form of an extra-ordinary customer service which they think is their unique selling proposition.Audi can do a blend of their competitors strategies and give their future an excellent shape because all the three companies have different approaches towards their future which makes them different from one another. By doing this AUDI can improve on a wide perspective be it their production, technology, distribution, management or their human resource or even the customer groups.Forecasted Sales in 2020(based on CAGR)Assuming the American market, a lar ge market for the Bimmers and the Mercs remains bad and Audi continues to perform well since. Audi have fairly good chances to overpower Mercedes by 2010. flavor at the CAGR, its pretty sure that Audi will be selling more cars in 3-4 years if everything goes the way it is.Looking at the previous figures it seems that Audi will pass on BMW as well by 2014, but practically speaking it should be around 2016 if it may happen.In the year 2008, Audi had a luxury market share of 9 in the world which was achieved without any incentives when the competitors cars were resting in the lots.It is one thing which the others are not doing or are not being able to do which is Innovation which started from Quattro to FSI to TDI, they have been very smart as to where to spend gold intelligently in the racing and then bring them to the live world cars which would mark the growth of technology.BasisBMWAUDIMERCEDESSales in 2020(in CAGR)Growing fluently with a CAGR of 4.1 percent for last 4 years.Audi is even quicker to achieve this at the CAGR of 6.51% in the last 4 yearsIts been a stand still for the Mercedes with (combined annual growth rate) of 1.4% in the last 4 yearsTechnologyBasisBMWAudiMercedesTechnologyEfficient DynamicsHydrogen 7Dynamic DriveClean EnergyNight resource- Infrared Vision at nightValvetronicsxDriveDynamic Stability Control(DSC)QuattroAsymmetric/dynamic tortuosity distributionRecuperation- charging the batteries with the brake force energyAudi Space FrameTFSI engines were the first to combine petrol direct injection and turbo charging to provide greater power with reduced fuel consumptionDIS with Gear Shift technology international standard ISO 14062 Design for EnvironmentUse of water-based paints with less than 10% closure and the use of solar energy to heat industrial waterBlueEFFICIENCYECO start-stop mouldF-Cell Hybrid TechnologyAnalysis of technologyBMW with a wide classification of technologies namely Efficient Dynamics, Hydrogen-7 work on the perfo rmance of the car in view of the environment with many useful cosmetic technologies that work in the interior of the car and its drivability with a very unique safety bluster such as Infrared Vision at night.Audi on the other hand works on its Quattro technology which makes the car the best thing to drive in any road condition with its complete traction, safety features such as an extra-ordinary Space Frame which is Audi trademark and tested in a wind tunnel at their testing research and development centre along with other technologies for making a fuel efficient vehicle keeping environment in mind.Mercedes has made a little more effort than the AUDI or BMW by reaching the International Standards ISO-14062 for the design of environment by which they take care of all the products used in making their cars till the final disposal of them. Also working towards state of the art F-Cell Hybrid concept technology which can make a vehicle spit zero emissions.Looking at a wide perspective, all the three majors are doing their best to cope up to the changes in the environment and also provide more and more innovations whether its performance, safety driveability or joy. Keeping everything in mind they are laying their growth strategies.Advertising with analysisBMWAUDIMercedesAdvertising MarketingThis article is an analysis of BMWs current global promotional strategy which places huge emphasis on Joy.For very many years, BMW branding centred on Drive, and the manufacturer proudly promoted itself as the ultimate Driving Machine.This tagline became synonymous with BMW, but in 2008 it began to shift its emphasis on to Joy.We are a car company, but we dont just make cars. We, we make joy Thats the story we want to tell the World now.This Audi ad from across the pond stops short of dancing around and singing Audis rule, BMWs drool, but only just.The reason for the gloating, so the ad says, is Audis run of three straight victories over BMW in comparison tests in American ca r time Car and Driver. Wed love it if there was something similar over here..But what we really cant wait for is BMWs response will it remain aloof and keep a dignified silence, or take the bait and scoria Audi off in response.Mercedes Benz understands that its customers are not simply buying a car to get from point A to point B, so before they actually sell a car they must first sell an idea about that car. Mercedes Benz sells their ideas through promotion and advertising. Mercedes Benz wants to change the perception of their brand at the personal level and reposition their brand so that they are more appealing to young professional men of all ethnicities. Secondly, Mercedes Benz is communication to its target market the idea that they are a more approachable, personal, fun, and gumptious brand.Unique selling Proposition or DifferentiationBasisBMWAUDIMercedes.Unique selling Proposition or DifferentiationBMW is able to distinguish its self from its competition because it is mo re then just a luxury car. It has met the demands of customers craving luxury while also offering versatility to customers.An Audi feeling that communicates convenience and comfort to the driver. In view of the high quality claimed for Audi models, everything has to match the shape of the door handles, the sound of the doors closing, the hand wheel for adjusting the back restraints, the indicator lever or the prove quality of the gear lever knob.Mercedes Benz differentiation once centred on the safety, luxury, and clearcutness engineering of its cars, but due to increase competition in the luxury car industry and changing consumer attitudes about the Mercedes Benz brand, that strategy has changed. Now their strategy is more life style oriented and is focused more on presenting the more fun loving, approachable, and energetic side of Mercedes Benz.

Commercial Management And Project Management Construction Essay

Commercial management And Project guidance locution EssayKalifomatos Consultants is a Quantity Surveying firm with a wide range of work provided for the potential client. One of the fields KCQS specializes in is Project Management. Project Management aims to deliver any given Project ensuring the desired balance between Time, Cost and Quality.Feasibility reports, according to Douglas (1999), test whether the essentials initially set bulge break lot be actually met or not. Boyle (2003) suggests that feasibility reports can murder different forms. Functional feasibility amongst others refers to physical requirements as easily as priming coat conditions. Technical feasibility refers to the statutory consents as well as the time constraints whereas financial feasibility deals with the costs of the culture and in mall creates a budget for the Client to decide on whether he can follow it or not. In addition to the above, business feasibility deals with the strategic brief ana lysis indicating if the qualitative aspects of the development match the business manikin of the Client.In this stage, the initial statement of requirements is developed into the design brief on behalf of the Client confirming the key requirements and constraints for the development, following the feasibility analysis interpreted earlier. The close step that follows is the identification of which procurement method is better for enjoyment which sufficiently bumps the Clients requirements the Project Manager could do this. The last step of the objective brief is to assemble the people that need to be involved in the development process which comprise of Architects, Quantity Surveyors etc. (Boyle 2003)According to the data our firm has been provided with, the borehole records the Client is said to present in his possession atomic number 18 of a neighboring situation to the proposed unity. The fact that a neighboring site has previously underg one(a) a site investigating d oes not guarantee that for manakin the soil conditions for the proposed one will be the same. The strata could vary as well as the depth of the water table maybe a youthful site probe for the proposed site reveals that the site has been bombed during the war, resulting to a distortion of soil conditions in the site. This could be seen as a assertable constrain which would have been identified if a site investigation had been undertaken.Another activity that has been undertaken was the getting of the site. Following the previous point, as well as the fact that our caller has not been presented with an actual investigation for the proposed site, the site could be rendered as completely useless for the purposes its needed. Taking into consideration the fact that the Clients directors have previous development experience for some years, the acquiring of the site with no site investigation undergone could be seen as a very nave move.According to Hacket (2007), Management Contracti ng and Construction Management ar very similar in many aspects, nevertheless, there is one essential distinguishing characteristic which is fundamental to the sagacity of the two systems the contractual arrangements between the parties involved. In Management Contracting, the subcontractors are in contact with the Management Contractor whereas in Construction Management they are in direct contact with the employer none of the subcontracts are entered into by the Construction Manager. The difference is illustrated by comparing the two diagrams provided.The most important requirement the Client has set out was that the quality level is to be prestige. The dress hat quality is offered from traditional procurement method. Another requirement set out by the client is the flexibility of the design also traditional procurement is the best suited for this but contrive and Manage offers a advanced utility for this section as well. However, when it comes to high complexity of the design , Traditional procurement does not best suit the description whereas all the other methods do. The next requirement set out is asap completion Traditional procurement does not offer that whereas again, all the other methods do. Furthermore, Design and Manage offers the oneness point righteousness the Client is looking for as well as Design and Build. This feature would not be available with Traditional procural method nor with the Design and Build or the Management Contracting as illustrated in the previous schematics. Furthermore, two of HRD2010s directors have previous development experience, so the fact that in order to use Design and Manage one needs previous experience is seen as a disadvantage, is easily one to overcome here. The main reason Construction Management has been rejected flush though it is very similar to Design and Manage, was the single point of responsibility required by the Client thus total utility offered in the chart is 450. And last but not least, the C lient welcomes the sharing of risks Design and Manage can also satisfy that requirement.Based on the RIBA childbed allocation, the Client has not performed properly the Preparation stage. Vital points have been left field out which could have major impacts on the projects development. KCQS has provided the Client with some recommendations for the victorious progression of the development. These would be the immediate conduction of a site investigation for the proposed developments site in order to be able to proceed accordingly. The Client has failed to provide a proper feasibility report (recommended) which is vital in assessing the quality of the proposed development, its costs as well as the need to meet statutory consents. Following the above, the Client should be able to address to possible constraints with regards to the development and overcome them in due time. It is also recommended that the people that are to be involved in the development process are to be identified.

Market strategy and recommendations to enhance the USP

marketplace schema and recommendations to evoke the USP piece of cake Asia p modest partake outlay has been volatile, with the viable reasons for this excitableness. marting Discuss the Market Strategy and recommendations to deepen the USP by use Models and diagrams.Operation ManagementAnalysis of prioritise operations issues which atomic number 18 of strategic nature for the comp whatsoever and feasible solutions.Module Code MGTM IM 002Submitted to Programme validation Team (Kaplan Financial)Submitted by Group 11Group members Name bookman ID No.Chanakya C0346816Buddha C0364220Musharaf C0361333Saif C0360683Submission Date Friday 23rd April, 2010 elude of ContentsTable of Contents 21. Introduction 32. Company Background 33. Meaning of Sh are equipment casualty unpredictability 33.2. Possible reasons for this capriciousness 44.2. Mareketing Strategy of publicize Asia 84.3. Environmental Analysis of air travel Asia on the basis of Porters Five Forces (Chart-3) 95.1. p icnic Asia Business put to work 115.2. aerate Asia prioritises issues 125.3. Possible solutions 136. Conclusion 147. References 141. IntroductionThe company chosen for this calculate is breeze Asia charge by Kaplan Financial and assignment requirements as fol startA report of no more than 3500 wordsPossible reasons for the share volatilityMarket system to enhance USPOperational issues and possible solutions2. Company BackgroundAir Asia was initially established in 1996 as a full-ser ill-doing regional air hose offering slightly cheaper manages than its competitors. It was not performing well and its bowl overing backsheesh was 2001 when it was bought by Tony Fernandes.Tony Fernandes restructured the company and re-established in Malaysia by enrolling some let out court airline expert wish Connor McCarthy (formal work outor of made European LCC Ryan air) in late 2001 as first no -frills, first-class honours degree hail toter(LCC) in Asia, then it got huge success a nd be keep abreast awards winner and largest imprint fare airlines in the Asia. Now Air Asia flies to over 61 interior(prenominal) and international destinations with 108 routes with its own 72 aircrafts and operates over 400 flights daily.Air Asia believes in the no-frills(prenominal), hassle innocent(p), embarrassed fare line of credit concept and feels that keeping approach low requires high efficiency in every part of the stemma. by its unique interchange point (USP), NOW EVERYONE CAN FLY, Air Asia gained a revolution in airline headache with more and more race choosing as their preferred choice of transport.3. Meaning of Share expense excitabilityMany of us use the word volatility in a loose sense, in a focal point that belies the accuracy with, which it sens be calculated. In fact, volatility is a statistical measure of the scale of fluctuations in the value of a share, a commodity or a parenthood market index in the recent past. It is ecumenically taken to be a good measure for the relative riskiness of an asset the high the volatility, the greater the risk of losing m superstary. Volatility, however, is not a static thing. It fluctuates sometimes rather sharply over time. (Peter Temple 02.08.2007)3.1 Air Asia Share Price VolatilityAs per Air Asia out sustain study the share toll of Air Asia has been volatile.Exhibit 5 Case StudyAirlinePrice on3Dec 2007US$Price on11 Jan 2008US$Share PriceChangeAir Asia0.520.43-16%Period of Change in Share PriceIn a very short term of a item share price of Air Asia goes see by -16% in a period of 1 month and 1 week this is extreme diverseness in share price so this is the sign of high volatility in share price.Air Asia Volatility from 2005-2009 (Chart -1)3.2. Possible reasons for this volatility on that point are lots of reasons for share volatility here in our campaign study of Air Asia. We have calculated on the basis of individually stratum that volatility graph of Air Asia shown above.Lat est Information in roue Market Investing on share price inescapably lots of information about companys present situation. Investor eternally invests their m atomic number 53y if they axiom the potential of getting good return from that investment. So information plays full of life role to attract the investors. Market adjusts the prices up or down depending on the way the market interprets that the information will affect the companys early winnings ability.In Air Asia case study in November 2004 they listed in Malaysia Stock Exchange that air Asia is going to purchase 175-aircrft airbus A320-200 to replace Boeing 737-300s because A320-200 more give notice efficient.This information attracts the investors to invest their gold because market interprets that this will affect the companys in store(predicate) earnings ability.We bathroom see in chart-1 in 2005 how share price go up by +0.63% so it shows the latest information has direct impact on share price volatility.Un ver itablety Future is unceasingly uncertain some ratiocination is made on the basis of future predictions. Investors are always keen on the past experience, current surgical branch and future expectations of the company. Uncertainty is a major barrier for investor to subscribe to their head teacher to invest in share market.What exactly had happened in the Air Asia, in 2006 they choose to enter in to a domestic-route rationalising arrangement with MAS. Under this covenant Air Asia took over more than two-thirds of MASs deviation making routes presume they can ease up profit from it as they are the LCC but this decision turns wrong because of uncertainty which is clear in chrat-1 that companys share price goes down by -5.03% .Psychological Issues on Stock Prices Human behaviour is one of the important work out that affect the share price of the company how investor venture about the company will determine whether to invest in it or not.Entering the British tycoon, founder and chairman of the Virgin Group Sir Richard Branson with 20% stake in Air Asia X in 2007. Expansion of credit line with Sir Richard Branson attracts the large numbers of investors in the company because psychology of people believes the successful image of Richard Branson which as a result there is hike of share price by +6.62% in the year 2007.Inflation The overall general upward price movement of goods and religious service of processs in an economy, usually as measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index. everywhere time, as the cost of goods and services increment, the value of money is going to finalize because a person wont be able to purchase as much with that money as they previously could.Inflation is as well one of the factors that affects the share price and deuce-aces to share volatility. As from the case study fire cost had a significant impact on Air Asia, as it was the recession time occurs during the year 2008 were the international c rude oil price reached at the high of about US $150 per barrel. So it was very costly for the airlines to purchase displace at that high price which leads to increase the price of the fines. As it was the recession time clients alike could not afford the change magnitude price plane fare so they used the alternatives way. Where there is slight numbers of guests airline industries had lost Billions of dollars collectable to that occurrence. So fanfare affected the share prices a lot.Although Air Asia tried to cover its operational cost by hedging, buying give notice-efficient airbus A320-200 and carving fuel consumption by just about and doubled the number of landing that we get from the tyre. They were not able to sustain on the similar price of tickets.As per exhibit 6 case study.Following are the calculation kindle and oil ratio = fuel and oil cost R even soue(2008) Fuel and oil ratio= 74164.88146731.5(2008) Fuel and oil ratio= 50.5%(2007) Fuel and oil ratio= 44488 .62111346.3(2007) Fuel and oil ratio= 40.0%% = Current year ratio-base year ratio Base year ratio% = 50.5-40.0 40.0% = 26.25%So cost of the fuel increased by 26.25% due to hike in oil price in 2008 the cause of inflation has direct impact on companys realize profit ratio if net profit is going to decrease so investor dont want to invest their money in non profit company. See chart-1 due to inflation the share price decreased by-45.34% in 2008.Demand and Supply It is another important factor that affects the share price. Demand is willingness and ability to pay where as supply depends on the market contend and suppliers ability. When demand is high supply is less and vice versa and when demand is high price of the product is also high and is low.In case of AirAsia recession caused its demand per share down in 2008, entrance of British tycoon Richard Branson increased the demand of share because of investors psychological beliefs. Restructuring of the no-frills, low cost in Asia increased the numbers of customers travelling with Air Asia which gives the US$6 million of profit December 2002 which obviously rise of demand of share which leads to increased in share price.Economic Strength of Market and Peers Doing business in current market everyone should grapple the market strengthens and the competitors of the business without considering these things it is impossible to do business. The economic strength of the peers heavily affected the share price of the company.The strong competitor of the Air Asia is MAS, as it is national carrier of Malaysia. To promote healthy competition in 2006 Malaysian government brought MAS and AIRASIA in concert then government starts with route rationalisation of MAS where Air Asia took 96 loss making routes of MAS slice these routes were operated by MAS government used to domiciliate subsidies for the fuel cost. This is totally unfair competition which leads share price down of Air Asia in 2006 you can see in chart 1.In 20 08 MAS come up with the unaccepted everyday low fare Campion .It certain an over whelming response which was funded by the government it was totally win-win position for MAS and that caused proscribe impact on Air Asia in 2008 which is clear from chart-1.4. Definition of selling StrategyA marketing dodging is a process or model to allow a company or organization to centralise limited resources on the best opportunities to increase sales agreements and thereby gain a sustainable emulous advantage.4.1. Porter generic strategiesStrategy on the dimensions of strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope refers to the market acumen while strategic strength refers to the firms sustainable competitive advantage. The generic strategy framework (porter 1984) comprises two alternatives each with two alternative scopes. These are specialty and low-cost leadership each with a dimension of Focus-broad or narrow. yield specialty (broad) constitute leadership (broad)Market se gmentation (narrow)(Chart-2)4.2. Mareketing Strategy of Air AsiaAfter the restructured of the airline, the foundation is based on Low constitute and muscular Cash Flow,strategy is based on Low fare and service so goal is obviousely on high margin and sustainable growth and romance is continue to be LOWEST cost. So you can see they are totaly foc victimisation on the Low cost Low Pricing so they getting strong cash flow sustainable growth.So they are following porters generic strategy. Their strategic scope is referring to market sixth sense and while strategic strength refers to the firms sustainable competitive advantage. (On the basis of chart-2)Product differentiation Air Asia was the first airline operator in Asia to adopt with the low-fare, no-frills concept. It also becomes the regions first airline to introduce fully ticketless travel and implements free seating indemnity. Thats Product differentiations makes It a successful airline in the market.Cost leadership Air As ia become the businesses that fully adopted cost leadership through operational effectiveness and efficiency. The cost advantages were enabled Air Asia to offered airfares 40% to 60% lower than those of its rivals. Some even cost less than bus fare. crimson in 2008 when oil prices gone up they controlled over the cost by layered-hedge strategy to pay for fuel in advance and qualify for low price its pilots have cut fuel consumption by close to 20%.Market Segmentation Air Asia changes the human psychology in Asia by offering low fare and targeting middle course society. in front people think that only rich people can take flight but then come with the No Frills, Low Cost toter under the tagline Now Everyone Can Fly. This whole idea captured the middle class and now no one is felling faired to fly.4.3. Environmental Analysis of Air Asia on the basis of Porters Five Forces (Chart-3)The threat of the entry of bracing competitors Air Asia is using penetration strategy under this t here is always threat of the modern entry exist because Air Asia is get success in the reach of LCCs so now everyone want to do same business with same strategy.The intensity of competitive rivalry Competition rivalry is currently in Air Asias favour. With price being the main battlefield of competition, Air Asia leads the way due to its low operating cost. However, there are more competitors accounting entry the market that have major carriers as backers or owners which may lead to an unrealistic price war in the future.The threat of substitute products or services Air Asia is domestic carrier so there is earth of substitute services are high customer can go for Bus services either for Railways or for their own transport facilities because of low distance if their services and prices are not effective.The bargain power of customer Today is world of Information Technology and communication everyone can take in the world easily so unprovoked availability of information and f ellowship can make the bargaining power of consumer strong. E.g. customer can easily switch to other airlines by comparing the fares of different airlines. Even there are now lots competitors in LCCs so customer can easily move.The bargaining power of suppliers For Air Asia bargaining of suppliers is major factor. In the airline industry basically there are only two major aircraft provider Boeing and Airbus. Although Air Asia is major customer of Airbus even than the bargaining power of suppliers is high due to expertise and few substitutes.4.4. Unique exchange Proposition of Air Asia Fernandes restructured Air Asia in 2001 , with the No Frills, Low Cost Carrier under the tagline Now Everyone Can Fly this unique selling point for Air Asia. This new business model was huge success. With this new unique selling point the company gained impressive profit. Then they come with palmy to Book, Easy to Pay Easy to Fly to encourage sale through online fight, telephone booking and through co-partner local banks and post offices.4.5. recommendation Some modification in current market strategy on the bases of Marketing Mix (7Ps) to enhance Unique Selling Point.Product (service) in that respect is a huge opportunity for Air Asia to expand its route and service and numbers of flights, they also lacking in good service in terms of flight delay. Because of it they get lots of complaints they should work on that to enhance good servicePrice They are working on penetration price strategy and under this they are providing the cheapest price in the market and that is a strengths but if you see the margins per seat is very low it makes turn over high but not the net profit so they should control the operating cost to cover up that margin. So they should go with penetration.Place Presently Air Asias putting more stress on Malaysia. Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia wherever Air Asia X only on Australia but low cost concept can also capture the market of India, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh and for abundant haul they can go for Europe and US.Promotions As LCCs they are however targeting the middle class so to keep up the sale and to enhance USP they should come up with the new promotions scheme after a certain period of time because middle class is major customer, they should know they like changes and savings in their purchasing.People From the starting they are only providing standard-class service on board its seems they are not targeting business class so if they come up with some of its more business concerned routs with business class they must get positive response.Process Refers to the systems used to financial aid the organisation in delivering the service. Process must be very simplified so that customer feels comfortable and convenient and preferred again and again. fleshly Evidence Where the service is provided. Physical Evidence is factor which makes customer to make judgement on the company or service. E.g. Customer accept what he/she spent so from the starting Air Asias tag line is No Frill airline but if you provide the frills even in the low cost it makes everyone happy. My meaning for frills is good service with the outstanding staff institution and an unexpected interior of the craft.5. Operation ManagementThe collection of people knowledge, technology, and systems within an organisation that has primary responsibility for producing and providing the organizations products or services is referred to as operations. operations direction is the preparedness, scheduling, control and co-ordination of the activities that transform inputs into finished goods and services. It is important because it can constrict costs, differentiate the organizations products and services and impact upon quality and therefore may increase revenue through increased customer satisfaction. (Phil Kelly 2009).This section is a process analysis to identify and prioritise current strategic operation issues and possible solution for A ir Asia.5.1. Air Asia Business ProcessAir Asias operations management is focusing carefully on managing the processes to produce and distribute its services.These processes embarrass-Procurement- buying various materials from suppliers and vendorsManagement control and coordinating functions to go out goals are being met.Product (service)- managing the service- creation, development, distribution and sales.Quality management important to effective operations management by continuous improvement.Inventory management-Method like JUST-IN-TIME inventory control saves costs and improves on quicker pitch to end customers.Logistics management focuses on the flow of services from Air Asia to its customer prioritizing on efficiency and cost effectiveness.Distribution channels.8) Booking by mobiles is also available.5.2. Air Asia prioritises issues1. Air Asia always pore on how to shave inefficiency and make it low possible fare in the airline business As we know they are operating pen etration on market strategy to reduced costs, they even reducing the salaries and incentives of the employees, cutting down the staffs and even cutting down this facilities given to staffs and implementing the new efficient system like YMS, CRS AND ERP, which were implemental to reduced the cost but not to that extent.2. Higher fuel cost around the world Frequent fluctuation in fuel cost is one of the major problem for Air Asia as its emphasis on low cost their profit margin per ticket is low as price of fuel goes up they have to charge tickets price which creates prejudicious effects in customers eyes.3. Complain Its because of delay in flight and even cancellation is one of the major current issues in Air Asia.4. No maintenance, bear upon and transcend As we know they dont have their own maintenance, haunt and overhaul so they have to spend on maintenance, repair and overhaul.5. Incresing competition At present competition in the airline industries growing day by day many ful l service airlines start cut costs to compete and new entry of LCC.6. Aviation regulation and government policy Changing rules and regulation in aviation industry and government policies is also one of the issues that Air Asia facing today.7. Easy to buy, soft pay and easy to fly In Malaysia Air Asia company was the first internet ticket seller airlines company. They are offering Easy to Book, Easy to Pay Easy to Fly system for their customers. So customers are easily paying and booking their ticket by online5.3. Possible solutions1. Cost control As we know cost is one of the main possible solutions that can save any organisation from loss and compete in the competitive market. Air Asia can save their cost by starting their own maintenance and repair wing and overhaul routes.2. Implementing the APS system Implementation of APS system will provide several new functions to Air Asia. The followings are several APS functions that can foster Air Asia in increasing its performanceAPS s ystem will friend Air Asia in assessing suppliers performance and providing the capability to streamline monitoring process. (Aberdeen Group, 2004).provider portal will provide information hub for airlines and their suppliers to prevent errors happened during operational activities much(prenominal) as order processing (Aberdeen Group, 2004)These functions enable airlines and aircraft manufacturers and other suppliers to have collaboration strategy in managing inventory (e.g. spare parts), maintenance schedule, and design collaboration. roadway profitability analysis tools enable airline companies to conduct analysis for planning efficient routes.3. Outsourcing Air Asia can use outsourcing strategy to be a lowest carrier in airline industry. If they can implement outsourcing strategy then they will get some benefits like,Cost benefitsIt will reduce risk.Outsourcing can give competitive advantage in Air Asia.Air Asia can reduce cost for IT.4. Expansion of Air Asia business As Air A sia is focusing on middle class people its working out towards Indian and China has potential to gather the huge success. We know the tribe of Asian middle class are rising very fast. So it is a great opportunity for LCC cost airlines including Air Asia to expand their business in Asia.6. ConclusionAs we know Air Asia is a confidential information low fare airline in Asia. Its low cost attracts more and more customers and its market value and has increased its revenue. But knowing it from closemouthed its share price is volatile so management should focused on sustainable development with utilising marketing mix as we discussed above and should focused on customers as customers are key point for the companys success. Only low cost will not sufficient to survive in the competitive market. Providing good services like as they are saying easy to book, easy to buy and easy to fly but it is not always the facts as they are getting complains of delaying flight and even cancellation wh ich makes bad paper in the eyes of customers. Thats why they need to operates APS systems to overcome such a problems.

History Of The Scientific Method

History Of The scientific MethodDo scientists need the Scientific Method to perform a meaningful try? It is undeni fitted that the best way to solve a difficulty in science is through a series of travel that lead to the solution. Since archaean stages in the trailment of Science, scientists check had the need of following certain steps in fix up to solve problems they were curious approximately to research. According to historians, Isaac normality was the first researcher to complete the early process of the scientific method. (Yahoo Answers , 2006)The virgins report of the scientific method begins in the Greeks civilization.greeks were the first angiotensin-converting enzymes who utilise observation and measurement to learn ab step up the world. Aristoteles was the planter of the empirical science, but the muslims were the ones who developed the scientific process. They became the promotors of the scientific method. Galileo Galilei is given all the credit for being th e creator of The Scientific Method. Meanwhile Brtish, Italians, French, and the Germans contributed to the methodology during the 17th, 18th, and nineteenth centuries. Among them argon James Bacon, Renee Descartes, and Isaac Newton. It was between 19th and 20th century when scientists such as John Dewey and Morris R. Cohen spoke about the scientific method in America. (Edmund, 2000-2009)The scientific method is the process of enquire and answering a specific question by performing investigate and observing the results obtained. It involves a series of steps that go from identifying a problem to a conclusion and, therefore, the publishing of the work to the scientific community slightly the world. This process includes the following stepsIdentify a problem, or intercommunicate a question.Gather information, which consist in researching about the topic. Find applicable information about the theme being investigating.Develop a hypothesis, which is an improve guess or prediction o f what the researcher thinks might happen.Perform an experiment to prove the hypothesis, or educated guess.Record and analyze info to wait on if the hypothesis was honest or wrong. If your hypothesis is wrong, the researcher has to go covering fire the process and restate the hypothesis. When the hypothesis is right the scientist draw conclusions and then publishes his work. (Science Buddies, 2012)Identifying a problem and asking a question atomic number 18 the base of the scientific method.Without a question to answer there is no need to develop a hypothesis or develop an investigation. The research question, the problem nonice is the base. The researcher questions himself why a phenomenon occurs. From this, the other steps in the scientific method develop. (Science Stuff, 2007)When gathering information, observation is fundamental. Observation includes the use of the five senses to wrap up data. In this step it is classic to drop off the information that is relevant to t he investigation. It as well as includes research about the topic. (Science Stuff, 2007)The hypothesis is an explanation of why the phenomenon occurs it is the educated guess. It proposes a statement in the IfThenBecause format. It is the scientists proposal to answer the question hypothesise at the beginning of the investigation. The hypothesis can be conceived as a prediction of what the scientist expects it is going to happen. (Science Stuff, 2007)The experiment is the step where scientists perform their tests and observe everything and figures out if the experimentation is going as they planned. In this step, different factors play important roles. These factors or variables are of great relevance in experiments. The variables can be independent, dependent, constants, and control. The independent variable is the factor that changes throughout the experiment. The dependent variable is the one that is being measured. In other words, the dependent variable could be the advert of the antibiotic on the bacteria. An independent variable is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect. For example, if a scientist is investigating the effect of antibiotics on specific bacteria, the independent variable could be the amount of antibiotic used. The control is the standard of measurement in the experiment. It is a standard of comparison, the reference investigators use to compare their results.As scientists investigate, they need to place down data while they observe the experiment progressing. They use different putzs to record this data. Some periods it is useful to keep a journal to record in a more detailed way what is going on in their experiment. Another important tool used by scientists when recording and analyzing data is charts and graphs. Bar graphs and pie charts get used frequently in science. These tools help attend and display the information in a more effective way. (Science Stuff, 2007)The sound step of the scientifi c method, draw a conclusion. In this step, scientists approve or reject the hypothesis spring upd at the beginning. They conclude if their conjecture was right or wrong. In other words, the conclusion is a summary of the statements that have being proved throughout the experiment to answer the original question. In this step, it is required to have an answer, to tell if the hypothesis was true or false. In this conclusion scientists include the data that helped them confirm the hypothesis, but if the hypothesis was not confirmed scientist need to evaluate the process to find out what was the error. They should follow-up everything that might cause a difference in results from what it was expected. (Science Stuff, 2007)In order to obtain a valid or reliable, scientists should repeat the experiment some times to see if the results are the same. This process could be tedious, but it exit help confirm that the experiement is accurate. This helps find out if there was an error in the first experimentation. Performing an experiment only once does not issue enough information to comfirm or reject a hypopthesis.Scientist have used the scientific method to figure out explanations to different phenomenon. The scientist used the scientific method to come up with scientific virtues and scientific theories. A scientific theory is an explanation of a phenomenon obtained by reasoning, observing , and experimenting. An example of scientific theory is Darwins theory of evolution. On the other hand, a scientific law tries to describe a phenomenon that occurs in nature. An example of Scientific law is E = mc referring to the speed of light in a vacumm. In nearly cases, scientists do not have the technology to model the phenomenon in study. further by studying and investigating it, they can conclude and formulate a scientific law.They have also used the scientific method to snatch how technology affects the results in an experiment. When following the scientific method, technology has an important role. As technology has developed, scientists have had the opportunity to use it in their doings, being able to perform actions that facilitate the process. Technology affects science in a plus way, helping people gain knowledge. There are innumerable processes that are possible today thanks to the use of technology that were inimaginable long time ago. Many of the phenomenon that have been observed since ever have finally found their explantions just because of the application of technology in science.The scientific method is super important for researchers and scientists. They use the scientific method everytime they have a new discovery in science. The scientific method has 5 steps that are required for an investigation identify a problem, research about the topic, formulate a hypothesis, perform an experiment, and record and analyze data from the observations made during the experiment. An highly interesting fact about science is that it is not affe cted negatively by technology on the contrary, technology is a useful tool in todays generation. As Robert M. Pirsig Traditional scientific method has always been at the very best, 20 20 hindsight. It is undecomposed for seeing where you have been. Its good for testing the truth of what you think you know, but it cant tell you where you ought to go. (Thinkexist, 1999-2012)

Civil War and The Souths Loss Essay -- American History, Historical C

well-behaved War and The Souths Loss In all history, no nation of unstained agriculturists ever made successful war against anation of mechanismYou argon bound to fail. Union officer William Tecumseh Sherman to a Southern friend. wherefore did the North win the complaisant War? is only half of a question by itself, for the other half is Why did the South recede the Civil War? To this day historians have tried to put their experience on the exact reason for the South losing the war. Some historians blame the cutting edge of the confederacy Jefferson Davis however others believe that it was the shear numbers of the Union (North). The advantages and disadvantages are abundant on either sides of the argument, but the most dominate arguments on why the South lost the war would be the fact that arouses rights prevented unification of the South, Jefferson Davis poor leadership and his failure to work unitedly with his generals, the South failed to gain the recognition of the Europe an nations, Norths superior resources made the impression inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war.First, the South couldnt have win the civil war because states rights prevented unification of the South. The very grapple that created the Confederacy helped to destroy it. In waging war, the South faced problems of politics and political sympathies that greatly complicated its problem of economic mobilization. No one would discard the troublesome effect of the conflict generated by differing ideas of how best to protect familiarity and to organize southern society for the war effort. Southern people insisted upon retaining their popular liberties in wartime, which proved fatal for the South. They had to struggle with a confederacy organise by particularistic politicians that could hardly be expected to adopt quick those centralists polices which victory demanded (Donald, p. 26). Individual state governors fought bitterly with Jefferson Davis to prevent hi m from consolidating power to contract the war. They withheld troops and supplies while the Confederate Congress spent its time debate over the rights of the states instead of prosecuting a war of national survival. Many immanent conflicts within the South were acquiring and weakening the Souths unity. knowledgeable conflicts caused confederate officials to choose between moving troops from the coasts and strengthening their armies, or leaving the... ...iled to gain the recognition of the European nations, Norths superior resources made the solution inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war. The Civil War was a difficult time for both the North and the South alike, but the question of its import was obvious from the start. The North was guaranteed a decisive victory over the ill-equipped South. Northerners, prepared to endure the deficit of war, were startled to find that they were experiencing an enormous industrial boom even after the first year of war. To the South, however, the war was a draining and debilitating leech, sucking the land dry of any port of economical formidability. The debate continues whether or not the South could have won the Civil war. Its always going to be a bundle up of what ifs?Works CitedBeringer, Richard. et al. Why the South Lost the Civil War. Athens University of gallium Press, 1986.Boritt, Gabor S. Why the Confederacy Lost. New York Oxford University Press, 1992Donald, David. et al. Why the North Won the Civil War. London Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1960. Gallagher, Gary. The Confederate War. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1997.