Ethics

morals 101 1. 1 background and victimization of theoretical erect plan of attackes Deontological Theory The deontological hypothesis enounce that the consequences or outcomes of actions atomic number 18 non important, what actu whollyy social function is that the actions argon virtuously Justified. For example drunken thrust is wrong, now if a person argues that he safely navigated his counsel back home and for that reason he/she should non be held greenbackable by jurisprudence, they ar wrong beca white plague their action was wrong in the firstborn place and was secedeing the basic formula for m vivaly remunerate divvy up that a person should non drive while being drunk.The contri saveion of Immanuel Kant towards phylogeny of Deontological surmise Immanuel Kant proposes that in taking a stopping point Duty carries the foremost richness. Kant is of the view that a persons actions go out merely be regarded as morally and estimablely correct when they ar get hold ofn keeping in headland the sense of duty and responsibility in mind. teleological honourable Theory The teleological honest theory put the primary focus on the Consequences i. e. What atomic number 18 those actions that produce the crush possible results?Along with attaching importance to the consequences the teleological theory too suggests that the ecisions cloth that is un confutative for achieving the desired consequences should also be managed with sympathize with. Consequentialist Theory gibe to the Consequentiality Theory, the basis for determining how moral a persons actions are the consequences. The consequences of actions disregard be profound or bad, and they behind be damaging or favourable. The contribution of Jeremy Bentham towards ontogeny of a persons actions john be a categorize as good or bad dep poleing on what consequences the action has produced.According to Benthams opinion the good things are class as pleasure and the bad ones a s pain in the ass. (http//www. report cardmode. com/) 1. 2 Absolute estimable motive has exclusively ii sides almostthing is good or bad, b wish or white. Some examples in police morality would be un good behaviours much(prenominal) as bribery, extortion, excessive force, and perjury, which scraggyly everyone would prevail are unsatisfactory behaviours by the police. Relative moral philosophy is much entangled and finish nave a clique ot sides witn varying shades ot gray . What is considered respectable behaviour by one person whitethorn be deemed highly unhonorable by virtuallyone else.The absolutistic theory is the theory that certain things are just or wrong from an bjective point of view and cannot limiting according to culture. Certain actions are intrinsically duty or wrong, which means they are estimable or wrong in themselves. This is also kn admit as deontological. The relativist theory is the theory that in that location are no universally valid mora l principles. All principles and appraise are relative toa particular culture or age. respectable relativism means that there is no such(prenominal) thing as good in itself, but if and action seems good to you and bad to me, that is it, and there is no objective basis for us to discover the truth.This theory is also known as teleological. An example of an absolutist ethical system would be if a virtuoso m more or less other with a very young fry had no money and therefore no solid food to feed the child, and she stole more or less food from the grass and the mother was caught and had a trial, an absolutist would argue that its morally wrong to steal and should suffer the consequences of the crime. They dont take into account the power the person might be in and use an absolute integrity. However, this is in contrast to the selection ethical system, called relativist, because this system is really the complete opposite.Again Ill use the same example s I did for absolutist. If a relativist was looking at this they would take into conside limit the situation the woman might be in and empathise with her and try to find an outcome that is the most fair. matchless reason to support the absolutist approach as the only defensible approach is that it results Justification for performing which means that morality seems to demand whatever dissever of obligation. If theres a fixed moral code whence there is no obligation to act in a way. Another strength is that it gives clear guidelines, which fundamentally means the rules are fixed and clear to apply. () 1. 3 morals refers to a prescribed or true code of conduct. Ethical issues are a association of moral values that need to be turn to while carrying out business. Businesses operate in a ball club that is structured around moral values. Therefore, when conducting its operations, a business has certain responsibilities which are to forget the purchase order with quality goods and services that exi t improve the confederations sustenance standardiseds. In coiffure to survive, a business of necessity to maintain its customers. Product packaging is one way of ensuring a business maintains its existing customers and also win ew customers.Some companies are known to allow lean packaging of products which are then highly priced and this is a rude way of increasing profits. However this disconfirming trend will affect the business in the long run as customers will last come to learn that they are being swindled. In an attempt to boost sales, some businessmen fit promotional method mislead customers as the gist conveyed may not give the exact exposit of the product. Businesses should desist from increasing prices without valid reasons. In doing so, they will be taking advantage of the customer and this is unethical.Businessmen should also desist from taking part in debauch practices such as selling low standard goods while bribing government officials in order to repor t operating. Entrepreneurs should consider the effects of their activities on the society they serve. In the long run, wrong dealings and corruption will tarnish the image of the business and have a negative effect on sales. Business people ought to comply with the law takements and observe laid rout principles of morality in their dealings. They should seriously consider expectations of the community they serve. (EthicsTable of Contents Therapeutic diligent Relationships Overview Since the sass, ethics has been incorporated into virtually every opinion of the wellness accusation system. Because of such a subaltern time window, the study of ethics in a aesculapian perspective tracks to tilt and improve for the good of the patient. Studies of define-patient kinships Indicate the need of greater ethical study and intervention.Studies base that although m either medicos are aware that a amatory r sexual relationship Is unethical, as mevery as nine percent reckon that the ethics depends on the situation (Reese, 2012). Often, an abuse in the doctor-patient relationship does not occur because of a lack in educational skills. Rather, abuse in the doctor/patient is attributed to flaws, or loopholes, in the rules of ethics and law (Subplots et al, 2010). Continued look of the most recent ethical simulation can begin lowering any chance of unprofessional.In order to have a successful patient relationship, a physician must picture and gaze the barriers in place. This session will take a look at ethics. Participants will judge their own ethical principles and apply the concepts theyve learned to problems in ethical chat and/or conduct in the deformplace. Behavioral Objectives Intended to inform the physician on the definition of ethics Clarify the nature of the ethical responsibilities held in park by current and prospective physicians. Identifies ethical considerations relevant to physicians Recognize different situations containing unethical conduct.Gain the knowledge on how to respond to in situations that require ethical decision- do. Apply the incept of good ethical bearing in their current practice. Outline of raising posing I. IntroductionWhat is ethics? Ethics refers to a framework of discipline from a branch of philosophy, in which judgements of powerful and wrong, virtue and vice, and good and evil, are all examined systematically (salvoes & Meyer, 1990). II. Components of Ethics Participants will know basic history, definition, and examples of ethics. A.Ethical good example earlier we can manage ethical dilemmas in the health attention setting, we must understand examples of ethical principle, as well as our own, to avoid any conflict of interest. . Self- sagacity Culture Values Beliefs Ideas 2. Continuous regulation Self- sway Trustworthiness Professionalism Education Intervention B. pull in the Significance of Ethics 1. Factors That Improve Ethical do a. Public view c. School curriculum d. jud icature regulations 2. Factors That Require Ethical Behavior a. Provide gild guideline for ethical behavior b.Teach the companys guidelines importance c. account punishments for unethical conduct C. suss out Examples of Unethical/Ethical Conduct IV. Class Activity Ethics Assessment V. Effectively practice effective ethical communication A. Understand the needs of the recipient D. Ensuring the message considers the common good E. Continue to interpret for conflicts of interest F. fence the consequences of each message 1. Is this message mutually worthful? 2. Is this message violating confidentiality of another person? Is this message questionable to your professionalism? . VI. Class Discussion VII Summary of Training Session VIII Conclusion Literature Review Where the Patient Relationship Ends ironic A, a 49 year-old gynecologist, was treating a 36 year-old female patient, Ms B, for chronic vaginal yeast infections. He described her as being seductive during the husband. teet otal A run aground himself feeling very sympathetic towards her and began scheduling hourlong patient appointments so he could provide some therapy for her as well as assessing and treating the vaginal complaints for which she seemingly saw him.He would hold her baseball glove while she talked round her difficult situation at home. This decent slew the slippery slope progressed into hugging, and then kissing at the end of the session. He recognized that he was feeling sole(a) and not having regular sexual relations with his wife. dry A even noted that his wife was inorganic as though her condition was in some way an excuse to progress to a sexual relation with the patient) (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). The first time that dry out A and Ms B had sexual relations was after(prenominal) hours in his office.This sexual encounter consisted of mutual oral sex. The meetings were set up during appointments in the office, usually at the end of the day. He finally ended these contacts when he felt the encounters were no longer gratifying to him. In addition, he was worried about being caught and that others would not understand his reasons for departing from the usual procedures (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Following the filing of a complaint by the patient, prohibitionist A was direct for evaluation.When asked directly he thought he had harmed the patient, ironic A responded that he felt he had actually helped her by his sexual involvement with her (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Introduction This physician, Dry A, failed to recognize the unethical conduct he was committing in the obvious power differential with the patient, Ms B. Dry A failed to recognize that a patient is pay for his expertise for the treatment of a disease or ailment, and not a relationship of conscious feelings.If Dry A had greater understanding regarding the ethical principle of the doctor/patient relationship, Dry A may have been able to make a more rational decision so this situation neer occurred li kewise, if Ms B had more understanding of the ethical principle prior to her first appointment, Ms B may have had the knowledge to evade Dry Ass advances. In summary, the doctor and the patient should be educated on ethical conduct before the doctor-patient relationship is formed to avoid situations, like the example.Studies show that although many a(prenominal) physicians are aware that a romantic or sexual relationship is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on he situation (Reese, 2012). The American aesculapian exam Association (AMA) states that prior doctor/patient relationships can regularize the patients treatment and that such a relationship is unethical if the doctor uses or exploits trust, knowledge, emotions or influence derived from the previous professional relationship (American Code of aesculapian Ethics, 2012).The Mamas use of prior relationship ensues wiggle path for the its complicated answer, which over one third of the physici ans had answered to the question, Is it acceptable to become involved romantic or sexual relationship with a patient? In Medi upkeeps 2012 ethics survey (Reese, 2012). Could it be that the and Ms B are aware of the rules but chose in proceeding to break the barriers of the doctor/patient relationship because its complicated? The its complicated answer may originate from feelings from the physician to do anything possible to treat the patient.One study on therapists, relieves that the therapists would desex sexually involved relationships with suicidal borderline patients in order to save the patient from self-annihilation (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). This ration is flawed, however, because the physician, like Dry A, should have continued to worked to strain the nature of the intended relationship as distinctly therapeutic with any potential unexpected circumstances, which is the idea behind the entire therapeutic process (Crower, venter & Subplots, 2010).A professional needs to se lf-regulate their internal drives and thoughts in the absence of clear standards or unexpected circumstances, such as that of a suicidal patient whom is not responding to evidence- base treatment (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). This is critical because usually a patient will give up his or her own autonomy to respect the decision of a paternalistic physician (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013). non to say this approach to a doctor/ patient is unethical, but it can leave room for unethical conduct if the physician cannot control his or her internal drives or thoughts. Patients, like miss B, need doctors that are competent in all areas of their profession. The study of ethics in undergraduate line of productss and aesculapian school curriculum is still improving consequently, it should constantly be assessed in terms of content, educational methods, and commute in behavior, and be revised accordingly (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Within only the past 20 years or so, aesculap ian schools have gun incorporating ethics as its own respective subject (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010). The introduction of ethics in to medical undergraduate curriculum has met resistance, however, because it is evolving constantly and some believe ethical topics are redundant or impossible to be taught (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010).Once a few generations of physicians are educated, they can begin program line newer generations from first hand experience to ensure they are fully competent, preferably than trainers teaching the instructors (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013). Ethics, according to James S. Recourse (2003), refers to a field of inquiry, or discipline, in which matters of right and wrong, good and evil, virtue and vice, are systemically examined (p. 49).Professional ethics is described by Craven & Hiring (2009) as involving principles and values universal operation and standards of conduct to be upheld in all situations (p. 76). The tralatitious principles that provided the moral grounding for the protection on man subjects in the United States began forming in the sass (Faded, Sass, ethical concern has been to protect patients from injury, risk, abuse, and unjust orders of medical research (Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bchamel, 2013).There has been an importance in our society of forming a Just health care system, which is head by principles of healthcare ethics that take on benefice, non- maleficent, respect for autonomy, and Justice (Craven & Hiring, 2008). Physicians, nurses, and other members of the health care police squad have been developing codes of ethics in order to sustain a Just health care system.Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bchamel (2013) propose a framework that consists of seven ethical obligations, they include ) to respect the rights and gravitas of patients 2) to respect the clinical Judgment of clinicians 3) to provide optimum care to each patient 4) to avoid high-minded monomaniacal ri sks and burdens on patients 5) to reduce health inequalities among populations 6) to conduct responsible activities that foster learning from clinical care and clinical information and 7) to contribute to the common designing of improving and quality and value of clinical care and health systems (p. ). Most frameworks regarding medical ethics in the main follow these seven steps. Frameworks in ethics provide a systematic way to decide whats right from wrong in a rarity of designate priorities that are goal emphasized (Craven & Hiring, 2008). All members of the health care team up have a framework, and they can find it resembles this model. Several issues of unethical conduct in the health care setting can rescind if ethical principle is ignored.The following are a few debated matters of medical ethical principle that occurs in the health care setting physician-assisted suicide (Glover, 2010), clinical trials (Barton & Ugly, 2009), bribes/gifts from patients (Sash & Fug- Barman, 2013), patient abuse, sexual comments/actions toward patient (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010), confidentiality (Craven & Hiring), and monetary interests (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). While some subjects such as euthanasia (physician- assisted suicide) may have different labels of good or bad from different people, other subjects such as sexual patient abuse is mostly discovered by most of society.While ethical principle of that society on certain principles might change at the about the same rate medical technology changes, it is still important for any health care worker to keep these principles in mind. Since the death penalty of medical ethics is relatively new, changes are cursorily occurring in medical education curriculum as well as the workforce. Evidence shows, the effects of the teaching of medical ethics causes greater ethical sensitivity in the clinical setting (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). However, there are still many cases in which medical ethics education d oes not have an impact.As the advance of ethics continues in the health care setting, evaluation of medical ethics teaching is vital. Research by Shari, Samara, and Arachnids (2013) finds that matching education is successful, and not a desert of serviceman or financial resources. The Institute of medical checkup Ethics recommends a pyramid of increasing levels of education, they include knowledge, habituation, and action (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). The idea is to have medical students think critically about historical precedents and in store(predicate) situations involving ethical dilemmas, then put into practice the lift out consideration.The most important thing teaching ethics gives to medical students is awareness (Crower, Belly & Subplots). With practicing physicians, it is important to continue education on professionalism because doing so shows its significance as a competency (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). As introductory and keep teaching methods are evaluat ed and improved, future medical students can become more ethically sensitive in their communication and actions. References AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Opinion 8. 14 sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine. Http//www. AMA-assn. Org/AMA/ barroom/physician-resources/medical-ethics/ code-medical-ethics/opinion. Page Accessed November 3, 2012. Shari, F. , Samara A. & Arachnids, A. (2013). Medical ethics course for undergraduate medical students A needs sound judgement study. Journal Of Medical Ethics & History Of Medicine, 6(1) Barton, E. , & Ugly, S. 2009) Ethical or unethical persuasion? The rhetoric of offers to record in clinical trials. Written Communication, 26(3), 295-310 Craven, R. F. & Hiring C. J. (2008). Fundamentals of nurse Human health and function, 6th. Liposuction Williams & Wilkins Inc.Philadelphia, PA. 76-77. Crower, M. , Belly, S. , & Subplots F. (2010) Abuse of the doctor-patient relationship. London princely College of Psychiatrists. Faded, R. , Sass, N. , Goodman, S. , Provosts, P. , Tunis, S. , & Beach, T. (2013). An ethics framework for a learning health care system A departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics. The Hastings boil down Report, Spec Noses-ASS Gabbed, G. 0. , & Hobby, G. S. (2012). A psychoanalytic perspective on ethics, self- deception and the corrupt physician. British Journal Of Psychotherapy, 28(2), 235-248. Glover, P.C. (2010) Physician-assisted suicide is unethical. Greengages Press. Recourse, J. S. (2003). Communication ethics. Management Communication A Case- analysis Approach. 2nd. New Jersey Pearson Education. Professionalism challenges and opportunities. Minnesota Medicine, 96(1 1), 44-47 Reese, S. (2012). When is it okay to sequence a patient? Netscape ethics report 2012. Netscape, http//www. Educate. Com/vertically/774295. Sash, S. & Fug-Barman, A (2013 Physicians under the influence Social psychological science and industry marketing strategies. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 4 1 (3), 665-672.Attachment Principles of Medical Ethics Revised and adopted by the AMA House of Delegates (June 17, 2001) l. A physician shall be utilize to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. II. A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or impotence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. Ill. A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to try changes in those requirements, which are contrary to the best interests of the patient. IV.A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard at bottom the constraints of the law. V. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge maintain a commitment to medical education make relevant information functional to tenets, colleagues, and the public obtain consultation and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated. VI. A physician shall, in the readiness of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care VI.A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the advantage of the community and the betterment of public health. As paramount. X. A physician shall support access to medical care for all people. Source Code of Medical Ethics In-Hand Activity Ethics Self-Assessment The American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) do this survey so you can identify areas of ethical practice in which you are weak or strong. For each question, identify one of the five answers that is best suited to you.The ACHE does not believe in a numbered final score, because it is not a peckerwood for evaluating ethical behavior of others. The number that correspo nds with each result simply helps you uncover any areas of concern that may require the need for enhancement in some of your current ethical practice. Almost Never on occasion Usually 4 5 Always Not Applicable 2 I. Leadership 3 I take courageous, lucid and appropriate management actions to outdo barriers to achieving my organizations mission. I place community/patient do good over my personal gain.I strive to be a role model for ethical behavior. I work to ensure that decisions about access to care are based primarily on medical necessity, not only on the ability to pay. My statements and actions are consistent with professional ethical standards, including the ACHE Code of Ethics. constituent would allow me to confuse the issues I advocate ethical decision making by the board, management team and medical staff. I use an ethical approach to conflict resolution. I initiate and gain discussion of the ethical aspects of management/financial issues.I initiate and nurture discus sion of controversial issues affecting community/patient health (e. G. , domestic and community violence and decisions near the end of life). I promptly and candidly explain to internal and external stakeholders negative economic trends and encourage appropriate action. I use my authority just to fulfill my responsibilities and not for self-interest or to come on the interests of family, friends or associates. When an ethical conflict confronts my organization r me, I am successful in decision an effective resolution process and ensure it is followed.I rise respect for my colleagues, superiors and staff. I demonstrate my organizations vision, mission and value statements in my actions. I make timely decisions quite an than delaying them to avoid difficult or politically forged choices. I seek the advice of the ethics committee when making ethically challenging decisions. My personal expense reports are accurate and are only billed to a single organization. I openly support esta blishing and observe internal mechanisms (e. G. , an ethics committee or program) toEthicsEthics 101 1. 1 background and development of theoretical ethical approaches Deontological Theory The deontological theory state that the consequences or outcomes of actions are not important, what actually matter is that the actions are morally Justified. For example drunken driving is wrong, now if a person argues that he safely navigated his way back home and for that reason he/she should not be held accountable by law, they are wrong because their action was wrong in the first place and was breaking the basic principle for morally correct behaviour that a person should not drive while being drunk.The contribution of Immanuel Kant towards development of Deontological theory Immanuel Kant proposes that in taking a decision Duty carries the foremost importance. Kant is of the view that a persons actions will only be regarded as morally and ethically correct when they are taken keeping in mind the sense of duty and responsibility in mind. Teleological Ethical Theory The teleological ethical theory put the primary focus on the Consequences i. e. What are those actions that produce the best possible results?Along with attaching importance to the consequences the teleological theory also suggests that the ecisions framework that is developed for achieving the desired consequences should also be managed with care. Consequentialist Theory According to the Consequentiality Theory, the basis for determining how moral a persons actions are the consequences. The consequences of actions can be good or bad, and they can be damaging or favourable. The contribution of Jeremy Bentham towards development of a persons actions can be a classified as good or bad depending on what consequences the action has produced.According to Benthams opinion the good things are classified as pleasure and the bad ones as pain. (http//www. studymode. com/) 1. 2 Absolute ethics has only two sides Somethi ng is good or bad, black or white. Some examples in police ethics would be unethical behaviours such as bribery, extortion, excessive force, and perjury, which nearly everyone would agree are unacceptable behaviours by the police. Relative ethics is more complicated and can nave a multitude ot sides witn varying shades ot gray . What is considered ethical behaviour by one person may be deemed highly unethical by someone else.The Absolutist theory is the theory that certain things are right or wrong from an bjective point of view and cannot change according to culture. Certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, which means they are right or wrong in themselves. This is also known as deontological. The relativist theory is the theory that there are no universally valid moral principles. All principles and values are relative toa particular culture or age. Ethical relativism means that there is no such thing as good in itself, but if and action seems good to you and bad to me, t hat is it, and there is no objective basis for us to discover the truth.This theory is also known as teleological. An example of an absolutist ethical system would be if a single mother with a very young child had no money and therefore no food to feed the child, and she stole some food from the shop and the mother was caught and had a trial, an absolutist would argue that its morally wrong to steal and should suffer the consequences of the crime. They dont take into account the situation the person might be in and use an absolute law. However, this is in contrast to the alternative ethical system, called relativist, because this system is really the complete opposite.Again Ill use the same example s I did for absolutist. If a relativist was looking at this they would take into consideration the situation the woman might be in and empathize with her and try to find an outcome that is the most fair. One reason to support the absolutist approach as the only defensible approach is that it provides Justification for acting which means that morality seems to demand some sort of obligation. If theres a fixed moral code then there is no obligation to act in a way. Another strength is that it gives clear guidelines, which basically means the rules are fixed and clear to apply. () 1. 3 Ethics refers to a prescribed or accepted code of conduct. Ethical issues are a set of moral values that need to be addressed while carrying out business. Businesses operate in a society that is structured around moral values. Therefore, when conducting its operations, a business has certain responsibilities which are to provide the society with quality goods and services that will improve the peoples living standards. In order to survive, a business needs to maintain its customers. Product packaging is one way of ensuring a business maintains its existing customers and also acquire ew customers.Some companies are known to allow underweight packaging of products which are then highly pri ced and this is a rude way of increasing profits. However this negative trend will affect the business in the long run as customers will eventually come to learn that they are being swindled. In an attempt to boost sales, some businessmen adapt promotional method mislead customers as the message conveyed may not give the exact details of the product. Businesses should desist from increasing prices without valid reasons. In doing so, they will be taking advantage of the customer and this is unethical.Businessmen should also desist from taking part in corrupt practices such as selling low standard goods while bribing government officials in order to continue operating. Entrepreneurs should consider the effects of their activities on the society they serve. In the long run, wrong dealings and corruption will tarnish the image of the business and have a negative effect on sales. Business people ought to comply with the law requirements and observe laid down principles of morality in the ir dealings. They should seriously consider expectations of the community they serve. (EthicsTable of Contents Therapeutic Patient Relationships Overview Since the sass, ethics has been incorporated into virtually every aspect of the health care system. Because of such a small time window, the study of ethics in a medical perspective continues to change and improve for the benefit of the patient. Studies of doctor-patient relationships Indicate the need of greater ethical study and intervention.Studies show that although many physicians are aware that a romantic r sexual relationship Is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on the situation (Reese, 2012). Often, an abuse in the doctor-patient relationship does not occur because of a lack in educational skills. Rather, abuse in the doctor/patient is attributed to flaws, or loopholes, in the rules of ethics and law (Subplots et al, 2010). Continued research of the most recent ethical framework can begin lo wering any chance of unprofessional.In order to have a successful patient relationship, a physician must understand and respect the barriers in place. This session will take a look at ethics. Participants will assess their own ethical principles and apply the concepts theyve learned to problems in ethical communication and/or conduct in the workplace. Behavioral Objectives Intended to inform the physician on the definition of ethics Clarify the nature of the ethical responsibilities held in common by current and prospective physicians. Identifies ethical considerations relevant to physicians Recognize different situations containing unethical conduct.Gain the knowledge on how to respond to in situations that require ethical decision-making. Apply the incept of good ethical behavior in their current practice. Outline of Training Session I. IntroductionWhat is ethics? Ethics refers to a framework of discipline from a branch of philosophy, in which ideas of right and wrong, virtue and vice, and good and evil, are all examined systematically (salvoes & Meyer, 1990). II. Components of Ethics Participants will know basic history, definition, and examples of ethics. A.Ethical Framework before we can manage ethical dilemmas in the health care setting, we must understand examples of ethical principle, as well as our own, to avoid any conflict of interest. . Self-Assessment Culture Values Beliefs Ideas 2. Continuous Regulation Self-control Trustworthiness Professionalism Education Intervention B. Understand the Significance of Ethics 1. Factors That Improve Ethical Conduct a. Public view c. School curriculum d. Government regulations 2. Factors That Require Ethical Behavior a. Provide company guideline for ethical behavior b.Teach the companys guidelines importance c. Describe punishments for unethical conduct C. Review Examples of Unethical/Ethical Conduct IV. Class Activity Ethics Assessment V. Effectively practice effective ethical communication A. Understand the n eeds of the recipient D. Ensuring the message considers the common good E. Continue to interpret for conflicts of interest F. Consider the consequences of each message 1. Is this message mutually valuable? 2. Is this message violating confidentiality of another person? Is this message questionable to your professionalism? . VI. Class Discussion VII Summary of Training Session VIII Conclusion Literature Review Where the Patient Relationship Ends Dry A, a 49 year-old gynecologist, was treating a 36 year-old female patient, Ms B, for chronic vaginal yeast infections. He described her as being seductive during the husband. Dry A found himself feeling very sympathetic towards her and began scheduling longer patient appointments so he could provide some therapy for her as well as assessing and treating the vaginal complaints for which she ostensibly saw him.He would hold her hand while she talked about her difficult situation at home. This decent down the slippery slope progressed into hu gging, and then kissing at the end of the session. He recognized that he was feeling lonely and not having regular sexual relations with his wife. Dry A even noted that his wife was inorganic as though her condition was in some way an excuse to progress to a sexual relation with the patient) (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). The first time that Dry A and Ms B had sexual relations was after hours in his office.This sexual encounter consisted of mutual oral sex. The meetings were set up during appointments in the office, usually at the end of the day. He finally ended these contacts when he felt the encounters were no longer gratifying to him. In addition, he was worried about being caught and that others would not understand his reasons for departing from the usual procedures (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Following the filing of a complaint by the patient, Dry A was sent for evaluation.When asked directly he thought he had harmed the patient, Dry A responded that he felt he had actually helped her b y his sexual involvement with her (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Introduction This physician, Dry A, failed to recognize the unethical conduct he was committing in the obvious power differential with the patient, Ms B. Dry A failed to recognize that a patient is paying for his expertise for the treatment of a disease or ailment, and not a relationship of conscious feelings.If Dry A had greater understanding regarding the ethical principle of the doctor/patient relationship, Dry A may have been able to make a more rational decision so this situation never occurred likewise, if Ms B had more understanding of the ethical principle prior to her first appointment, Ms B may have had the knowledge to evade Dry Ass advances. In summary, the doctor and the patient should be educated on ethical conduct before the doctor-patient relationship is formed to avoid situations, like the example.Studies show that although many physicians are aware that a romantic or sexual relationship is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on he situation (Reese, 2012). The American Medical Association (AMA) states that prior doctor/patient relationships can influence the patients treatment and that such a relationship is unethical if the doctor uses or exploits trust, knowledge, emotions or influence derived from the previous professional relationship (American Code of Medical Ethics, 2012).The Mamas use of prior relationship leaves wiggle room for the its complicated answer, which over one third of the physicians had answered to the question, Is it acceptable to become involved romantic or sexual relationship with a patient? In Medicares 2012 ethics survey (Reese, 2012). Could it be that the and Ms B are aware of the rules but chose in proceeding to break the barriers of the doctor/patient relationship because its complicated? The its complicated answer may originate from feelings from the physician to do anything possible to treat the patient.One study on therapists , explains that the therapists would get sexually involved relationships with suicidal borderline patients in order to save the patient from suicide (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). This ration is flawed, however, because the physician, like Dry A, should have continued to worked to attain the nature of the intended relationship as clearly therapeutic with any potential unexpected circumstances, which is the idea behind the entire therapeutic process (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010).A professional needs to self-regulate their internal drives and thoughts in the absence of clear standards or unexpected circumstances, such as that of a suicidal patient whom is not responding to evidence- based treatment (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). This is critical because usually a patient will give up his or her own autonomy to respect the decision of a paternalistic physician (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Not to say this approach to a doctor/ patient is unethical, but it can leave room for unethical conduct if the physician cannot control his or her internal drives or thoughts. Patients, like Miss B, need doctors that are competent in all areas of their profession. The study of ethics in undergraduate courses and medical school curriculum is still improving consequently, it should continuously be assessed in terms of content, educational methods, and change in behavior, and be revised accordingly (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Within only the past 20 years or so, medical schools have gun incorporating ethics as its own respective subject (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010). The introduction of ethics in to medical undergraduate curriculum has met resistance, however, because it is evolving constantly and some believe ethical topics are redundant or impossible to be taught (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010).Once a few generations of physicians are educated, they can begin teaching newer generations from first hand experience to ensure they are fully competent, rather than tr ainers teaching the instructors (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013). Ethics, according to James S. Recourse (2003), refers to a field of inquiry, or discipline, in which matters of right and wrong, good and evil, virtue and vice, are systemically examined (p. 49).Professional ethics is described by Craven & Hiring (2009) as involving principles and values universal application and standards of conduct to be upheld in all situations (p. 76). The traditional principles that provided the moral grounding for the protection on human subjects in the United States began forming in the sass (Faded, Sass, ethical concern has been to protect patients from injury, risk, abuse, and unjust orders of medical research (Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bchamel, 2013).There has been an importance in our society of forming a Just health care system, which is guided by principles of healthcare ethics that include benefice, non- maleficent, respect for autonomy, and Justice (Craven & Hiring, 2008). Physicians, nurses, and other members of the health care team have been developing codes of ethics in order to sustain a Just health care system.Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bchamel (2013) propose a framework that consists of seven ethical obligations, they include ) to respect the rights and dignity of patients 2) to respect the clinical Judgment of clinicians 3) to provide optimal care to each patient 4) to avoid imposing monomaniacal risks and burdens on patients 5) to reduce health inequalities among populations 6) to conduct responsible activities that foster learning from clinical care and clinical information and 7) to contribute to the common purpose of improving and quality and value of clinical care and health systems (p. ). Most frameworks regarding medical ethics loosely follow these seven steps. Frameworks in ethics provide a systematic way to decide whats right from wrong in a rarity of assigned priorities that are goal emphasized (Craven & Hiring, 2008). A ll members of the health care team have a framework, and they can find it resembles this model. Several issues of unethical conduct in the health care setting can arise if ethical principle is ignored.The following are a few debated matters of medical ethical principle that occurs in the health care setting physician-assisted suicide (Glover, 2010), clinical trials (Barton & Ugly, 2009), bribes/gifts from patients (Sash & Fug- Barman, 2013), patient abuse, sexual comments/actions toward patient (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010), confidentiality (Craven & Hiring), and financial interests (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). While some subjects such as euthanasia (physician- assisted suicide) may have different labels of good or bad from different people, other subjects such as sexual patient abuse is generally discovered by most of society.While ethical principle of that society on certain principles might change at the about the same rate medical technology changes, it is still important for any health care worker to keep these principles in mind. Since the implementation of medical ethics is relatively new, changes are rapidly occurring in medical education curriculum as well as the workforce. Evidence shows, the effects of the teaching of medical ethics causes greater ethical sensitivity in the clinical setting (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). However, there are still many cases in which medical ethics education does not have an impact.As the progression of ethics continues in the health care setting, evaluation of medical ethics teaching is vital. Research by Shari, Samara, and Arachnids (2013) finds that matching education is successful, and not a waste of human or financial resources. The Institute of Medical Ethics recommends a pyramid of increasing levels of education, they include knowledge, habituation, and action (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). The idea is to have medical students think critically about historical precedents and future situations invol ving ethical dilemmas, then put into practice the best consideration.The most important thing teaching ethics gives to medical students is awareness (Crower, Belly & Subplots). With practicing physicians, it is important to continue education on professionalism because doing so shows its significance as a competency (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). As introductory and continuing teaching methods are evaluated and improved, future medical students can become more ethically sensitive in their communication and actions. References AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Opinion 8. 14 sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine. Http//www. AMA-assn. Org/AMA/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/ code-medical-ethics/opinion. Page Accessed November 3, 2012. Shari, F. , Samara A. & Arachnids, A. (2013). Medical ethics course for undergraduate medical students A needs assessment study. Journal Of Medical Ethics & History Of Medicine, 6(1) Barton, E. , & Ugly, S. 2009) Ethical or unethical persuasion ? The rhetoric of offers to participate in clinical trials. Written Communication, 26(3), 295-310 Craven, R. F. & Hiring C. J. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing Human health and function, 6th. Liposuction Williams & Wilkins Inc.Philadelphia, PA. 76-77. Crower, M. , Belly, S. , & Subplots F. (2010) Abuse of the doctor-patient relationship. London Royal College of Psychiatrists. Faded, R. , Sass, N. , Goodman, S. , Provosts, P. , Tunis, S. , & Beach, T. (2013). An ethics framework for a learning health care system A departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics. The Hastings Center Report, Spec Noses-ASS Gabbed, G. 0. , & Hobby, G. S. (2012). A psychoanalytic perspective on ethics, self- deception and the corrupt physician. British Journal Of Psychotherapy, 28(2), 235-248. Glover, P.C. (2010) Physician-assisted suicide is unethical. Greengages Press. Recourse, J. S. (2003). Communication ethics. Management Communication A Case- Analysis Approach. 2nd. New Jersey Pearson Education. Professionalism challenges and opportunities. Minnesota Medicine, 96(1 1), 44-47 Reese, S. (2012). When is it okay to date a patient? Netscape ethics report 2012. Netscape, http//www. Educate. Com/vertically/774295. Sash, S. & Fug-Barman, A (2013 Physicians under the influence Social psychology and industry marketing strategies. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 41 (3), 665-672.Attachment Principles of Medical Ethics Revised and adopted by the AMA House of Delegates (June 17, 2001) l. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. II. A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or impotence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. Ill. A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements, which are contrary to the best interests of the patient. IV.A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard within the constraints of the law. V. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge maintain a commitment to medical education make relevant information available to tenets, colleagues, and the public obtain consultation and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated. VI. A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care VI.A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health. As paramount. X. A physician shall support access to medical care for all people. Source Code of Medical Ethics In-Hand Activity Ethics Self-Assessment The A merican College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) made this survey so you can identify areas of ethical practice in which you are weak or strong. For each question, identify one of the five answers that is best suited to you.The ACHE does not believe in a numbered final score, because it is not a tool for evaluating ethical behavior of others. The number that corresponds with each response simply helps you uncover any areas of concern that may require the need for enhancement in some of your current ethical practice. Almost Never Occasionally Usually 4 5 Always Not Applicable 2 I. Leadership 3 I take courageous, consistent and appropriate management actions to overcome barriers to achieving my organizations mission. I place community/patient benefit over my personal gain.I strive to be a role model for ethical behavior. I work to ensure that decisions about access to care are based primarily on medical necessity, not only on the ability to pay. My statements and actions are consistent with professional ethical standards, including the ACHE Code of Ethics. Circumstances would allow me to confuse the issues I advocate ethical decision making by the board, management team and medical staff. I use an ethical approach to conflict resolution. I initiate and encourage discussion of the ethical aspects of management/financial issues.I initiate and promote discussion of controversial issues affecting community/patient health (e. G. , domestic and community violence and decisions near the end of life). I promptly and candidly explain to internal and external stakeholders negative economic trends and encourage appropriate action. I use my authority solely to fulfill my responsibilities and not for self-interest or to further the interests of family, friends or associates. When an ethical conflict confronts my organization r me, I am successful in finding an effective resolution process and ensure it is followed.I demonstrate respect for my colleagues, superiors and staff. I demonstrate my organizations vision, mission and value statements in my actions. I make timely decisions rather than delaying them to avoid difficult or politically risky choices. I seek the advice of the ethics committee when making ethically challenging decisions. My personal expense reports are accurate and are only billed to a single organization. I openly support establishing and monitoring internal mechanisms (e. G. , an ethics committee or program) to